1
|
Stanfield MK, Dilger M, Hayne DJ, Emonson NS, Barlow A, Boase NRB, Gahan LR, Krenske EH, Pinson J, Eyckens DJ, Henderson LC. Examining the Role of Aryldiazonium Salts in Surface Electroinitiated Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4979-4995. [PMID: 35417182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the irreversible reduction of aryldiazonium salts has provided a reliable method to modify surfaces, demonstrating a catalogue of suitable diazonium salts for targeted applications. This work expands the knowledge of diazonium salt chemistry to participate in surface electroinitiated emulsion polymerization (SEEP). The influence of concentration, electronic effects, and steric hindrance/regiochemistry of the diazonium salt initiator on the production of polymeric films is examined. The objective of this work is to determine if a polymer film can be tailored, controlling the thickness, density, and surface homogeneity using specific diazonium chemistry. The data presented herein demonstrate a significant difference in polymer films that can be achieved when selecting a variety of diazonium salts and vinylic monomers. A clear trend aligns with the electron-rich diazonium salt substitution providing the thickest films (up to 70.9 ± 17.8 nm) with increasing diazonium concentration and electron-withdrawing substitution achieving optimal homogeneity for the surface of the film at a 5 mM diazonium concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Stanfield
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Melvin Dilger
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David J Hayne
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Emonson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Anders Barlow
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform (MCFP), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Physics and Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Lawrence R Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Daniel J Eyckens
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ultrasound-Assisted Surface Modification of MWCNT Using Organic Acids. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010072. [PMID: 33375743 PMCID: PMC7796411 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, multiple-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were surface modified in an environmentally friendly way, using low-frequency ultrasonic energy. This type of modification was carried-out using two different types of organic acids, citric acid (CA) and oxalic acid (OA). The modification of the MWCNTs was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), where functional groups such as OH, C=O, O–C=O and COOH were detected. By means of Raman spectroscopy, an increase in carbon surface defects was found. On the other hand, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), oxidation was evidenced on the surface of the modified MWCNT. In both Raman spectroscopy and XPS, the results indicate a greater modification when CA is used, possibly due to the fact that CA has a larger number of functional groups. MWCNT-CA showed good dispersion in methanol, while MWCNT-OA showed good stability in methanol and ethanol. Finally, a 20% removal of creatinine efficiency improvement was found with respect to the unmodified MWCNTs, while no improvement was found in the case of urea and uric acid.
Collapse
|
3
|
The Molecular and Macromolecular Level of Carbon Nanotube Modification Via Diazonium Chemistry: Emphasis on the 2010s Years. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
4
|
Polypyrrole-Wrapped Carbon Nanotube Composite Films Coated on Diazonium-Modified Flexible ITO Sheets for the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030580. [PMID: 31973054 PMCID: PMC7037355 DOI: 10.3390/s20030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive multicomponent materials designed for the recognition of hazardous compounds request control over interfacial chemistry. The latter is a key parameter in the construction of the sensing (macro) molecular architectures. In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were deposited on diazonium-modified, flexible indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes prior to the electropolymerization of pyrrole. This three-step process, including diazonium electroreduction, the deposition of CNTs and electropolymerization, provided adhesively-bonded, polypyrrole-wrapped CNT composite coatings on aminophenyl-modified flexible ITO sheets. The aminophenyl (AP) groups were attached to ITO by electroreduction of the in-situ generated aminobenzenediazonium compound in aqueous, acidic medium. For the first time, polypyrrole (PPy) was electrodeposited in the presence of both benzenesulfonic acid (dopant) and ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), which acts as a chelator. The flexible electrodes were characterized by XPS, Raman and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which provided strong supporting evidence for the wrapping of CNTs by the electrodeposited PPy. Indeed, the CNT average diameter increased from 18 ± 2.6 nm to 27 ± 4.8, 35.6 ± 5.9 and 175 ± 20.1 after 1, 5 and 10 of electropolymerization of pyrrole, respectively. The PPy/CNT/NH2-ITO films generated by this strategy exhibit significantly improved stability and higher conductivity compared to a similar PPy coating without any embedded CNTs, as assessed by from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The potentiometric response was linear in the 10−8–3 × 10−7 mol L−1 Pb(II) concentration range, and the detection limit was 2.9 × 10−9 mol L−1 at S/N = 3. The EGTA was found to drastically improve selectivity for Pb(II) over Cu(II). To account for this improvement, the density functional theory (DFT) was employed to calculate the EGTA–metal ion interaction energy, which was found to be −374.6 and −116.4 kJ/mol for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively, considering solvation effects. This work demonstrates the power of a subtle combination of diazonium coupling agent, CNTs, chelators and conductive polymers to design high-performance electrochemical sensors for environmental applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lukášek J, Hauzerová Š, Havlíčková K, Strnadová K, Mašek K, Stuchlík M, Stibor I, Jenčová V, Řezanka M. Cyclodextrin-Polypyrrole Coatings of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E459. [PMID: 30960443 PMCID: PMC6473528 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole is one of the most investigated conductive polymers used for tissue engineering applications because of its advantageous properties and the ability to promote different cell types' adhesion and proliferation. Together with β-cyclodextrin, which is capable of accommodating helpful biomolecules in its cavity, it would make a perfect couple for use as a scaffold for tissue engineering. Such scaffolds were prepared by the polymerisation of 6-(pyrrol-3-yl)hexanoic acid on polycaprolactone microfibres with subsequent attachment of β-cyclodextrin on the polypyrrole layer. The materials were deeply characterised by several physical and spectroscopic techniques. Testing of the cyclodextrin enriched composite scaffold revealed its better performance in in vitro experiments compared with pristine polycaprolactone or polypyrrole covered polycaprolactone scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lukášek
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Science, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
- Institute of New Technologies and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Šárka Hauzerová
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Havlíčková
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Strnadová
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Mašek
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Stuchlík
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Science, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Stibor
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Science, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Věra Jenčová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Science, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Diazonium Salts: Versatile Molecular Glues for Sticking Conductive Polymers to Flexible Electrodes. SURFACES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of polymers to surfaces is of the upmost importance in timely applications such as protective coatings, biomaterials, sensors, new power sources and soft electronics. In this context, this work examines the role of molecular interactions in the adhesion of polypyrrole thin films to flexible Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrodes grafted with aryl layers from various diazonium salts, namely 4-carboxybenzenediazonium (ITO-CO2H), 4-sulfonicbenzenediazonium (ITO-SO3H), 4-N,N-dimethylbenzenediazonium (ITO-N(CH3)2), 4-aminobenzenediazonium (ITO-NH2), 4-cyanobenzenediazonium (ITO-CN) and 4-N-phenylbenzenediazonium (ITO-NHPh). It was demonstrated that PPy thin layers were adherent to all aryl-modified surfaces, whereas adhesive failure was noted for bare ITO following simple solvent washing or sonication. Adhesion of polypyrrole was investigated in terms of hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the underlying aryl layer as probed by contact angle measurements. It was found that sulfonic acid-doped polypyrrole (PPy-BSA) thin films were preferably deposited on the most hydrophobic surfaces. More importantly, the redox properties and electrochemical impedance of PPy were closely related to the hydrophobic character of the aryl layers. This work demonstrates that diazonium compounds are unique molecular glues for conductive polymers and permit to tune their interfacial properties. With robust, diazonium-based architectured interfaces, one can design high performance materials for e.g., sensors, printed soft electronics and flexible thermoelectrics.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chi M, Chen S, Zhong M, Wang C, Lu X. Self-templated fabrication of FeMnO3 nanoparticle-filled polypyrrole nanotubes for peroxidase mimicking with a synergistic effect and their sensitive colorimetric detection of glutathione. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5827-5830. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A self-templated synthesis of FeMnO3 nanoparticle-filled polypyrrole nanotubes for peroxidase mimicking with a synergistic effect have been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoqiang Chi
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Sihui Chen
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Mengxiao Zhong
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Ce Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|