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Choi Y, Park CS, Tran HV, Li CH, Crudden CM, Lee TR. Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Gold for Surface-Initiated Polymerizations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44969-44980. [PMID: 36150129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are superior to thiol adsorbates in that they form remarkably stable bonds with gold, the generation of NHC-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) typically requires a strong base and an inert atmosphere, which limits the utility of such films in many applications. Herein, we report the development and use of bench-stable NHC adsorbates, benzimidazolium methanesulfonates, for the direct formation of NHC films on gold surfaces under an ambient atmosphere at room temperature without the need for extraordinary precautions. The generated NHC SAMs were fully characterized using ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and contact angle measurements, and they were compared to analogous SAMs generated from an NHC bicarbonate adsorbate. Based on these findings, a unique radical initiator α,ω-bidentate azo-terminated NHC adsorbate, NHC15AZO[OMs], was designed and synthesized for the preparation of SAMs on gold surfaces with both NHC headgroups bound to the surface. The adsorbate molecules in NHC15AZO SAMs can exist in a hairpin or a linear conformation depending on the concentration of the adsorbate solution used to prepare the SAM. These conformations were studied by a combination of ellipsometry, XPS, PM-IRRAS, and scanning electron microscopy using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a tag material. Moreover, the potential utility of these unique radical-initiating NHC films as surface-initiated polymerization platforms was demonstrated by controlling the thickness of polystyrene brush films grown from azo-terminated NHC monolayer surfaces simply by adjusting the reaction time of the photoinitiated radical polymer growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Hung-Vu Tran
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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2
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Wei J, Kahlal S, Halet JF, Saillard JY, Muñoz-Castro A. Insight Into the Stability and Electronic and Optical Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Halogen/Phosphine-Protected Au 13 Superatomic Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:536-545. [PMID: 35044183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) belong to a relevant area offering useful templates with tunable properties toward functional nanostructures. In this work, we explored the feasible incorporation of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), as part of the protecting-ligand shell in AuNCs. Our results, which are based on the substitution of phosphine ligands in experimentally characterized AuNCs by NHCs in various eight-electron superatoms Au13 and M4Au9 (M = Cu, Ag), indicate similar electronic structure and stability but somewhat different optical properties. These findings support the feasible obtention of novel targets for explorative synthetic efforts featuring NHC ligands on medium-sized species based on the recurrent Au13 icosahedral core. The hypothetical species appear to be interesting templates for building blocks in nanostructured materials with tuned properties, which encourage experimental exploration of ligand versatility in homo- and heterometallic superatomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wei
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, Université de Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, Université de Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-François Halet
- CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS, IRL 3629, Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, Université de Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 8910188 Santiago, Chile
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3
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Kaur G, Thimes RL, Camden JP, Jenkins DM. Fundamentals and applications of N-heterocyclic carbene functionalized gold surfaces and nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13188-13197. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Improved stability and higher degree of synthetic tunability has allowed N-heterocyclic carbenes to supplant thiols as ligands for gold surface functionalization. This review article summarizes the basic science and applications of NHCs on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Thimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - David M. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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4
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Sun F, Tang Q. The ligand effect on the interface structures and electrocatalytic applications of atomically precise metal nanoclusters. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:352001. [PMID: 34101616 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters, also known as ultra-small metal nanoparticles, occupy the gap between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanomaterials, and are an emerging class of atomically precise nanomaterials. Metal nanoclusters protected by different types of ligands, such as thiolates, alkynyls, hydrides, and N-heterocyclic carbenes, have been synthesized in recent years. Moreover, recent experiment and theoretical studies also indicated that the metal nanoclusters show great promise in many electrocatalytic reactions, such as hydrogen evolution, oxygen reduction, and CO2reduction. The atomically precise nature of their structures enables the elucidation of structure-property relationships and the reaction mechanisms, which is essential if nanoclusters with enhanced performances are to be rationally designed. Particularly, the ligands play an important role in affecting the interface bonding, stability and electrocatalytic activity/selectivity. In this review, we mainly focus on the ligand effect on the interface structure of metal nanoclusters and then discuss the recent advances in electrocatalytic applications. Furthermore, we point out our perspectives on future efforts in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
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5
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DeJesus JF, Sherman LM, Yohannan DJ, Becca JC, Strausser SL, Karger LFP, Jensen L, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. A Benchtop Method for Appending Protic Functional Groups to N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Protected Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. DeJesus
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Lindy M. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre Dame South Bend IN 46556 USA
| | - Darius J. Yohannan
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre Dame South Bend IN 46556 USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Becca
- Department of ChemistryThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | | | - Leonhard F. P. Karger
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre Dame South Bend IN 46556 USA
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of ChemistryThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - David M. Jenkins
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre Dame South Bend IN 46556 USA
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6
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DeJesus JF, Sherman LM, Yohannan DJ, Becca JC, Strausser SL, Karger LFP, Jensen L, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. A Benchtop Method for Appending Protic Functional Groups to N-Heterocyclic Carbene Protected Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7585-7590. [PMID: 32092219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable resilience of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold bonds has quickly made NHCs the ligand of choice when functionalizing gold surfaces. Despite rapid progress using deposition from free or CO2 -protected NHCs, synthetic challenges hinder the functionalization of NHC surfaces with protic functional groups, such as alcohols and amines, particularly on larger nanoparticles. Here, we synthesize NHC-functionalized gold surfaces from gold(I) NHC complexes and aqueous nanoparticles without the need for additional reagents, enabling otherwise difficult functional groups to be appended to the carbene. The resilience of the NHC-Au bond allows for multi-step post-synthetic modification. Beginning with the nitro-NHC, we form an amine-NHC terminated surface, which further undergoes amide coupling with carboxylic acids. The simplicity of this approach, its compatibility with aqueous nanoparticle solutions, and its ability to yield protic functionality, greatly expands the potential of NHC-functionalized noble metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F DeJesus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Lindy M Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Darius J Yohannan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Becca
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Shelby L Strausser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Leonhard F P Karger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
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7
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Smith CA, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Singh I, Nazemi A, Li CH, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Materials Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4986-5056. [PMID: 30938514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christene A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Chikusa 464-8601 , Japan
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8
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Börner MC, Neugebauer J. Optimizing bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for the modification of late transition metal surfaces – new insights through theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24926-24934. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We identify key factors determining the adsorption behaviour of bidentate NHCs on noble metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C. Börner
- Theoretische Organische Chemie
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Theoretische Organische Chemie
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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