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Ombredane AS, Martins NO, de Souza GMV, Araujo VHS, Szlachetka ÍO, da Silva SW, da Rocha MCO, de Oliveira AS, Holanda CA, Romeiro LAS, Damas EBDO, Azevedo RB, Joanitti GA. Combinatory Effect of Pequi Oil ( Caryocar brasiliense)-Based Nanoemulsions Associated to Docetaxel and Anacardic Acid ( Anacardium occidentale) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1170. [PMID: 39339206 PMCID: PMC11435098 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy integrated with nanotechnology offers a promising alternative for breast cancer treatment. The inclusion of pequi oil, anacardic acid (AA), and docetaxel (DTX) in a nanoemulsion can amplify the antitumor effects of each molecule while reducing adverse effects. Therefore, the study aims to develop pequi oil-based nanoemulsions (PeNE) containing DTX (PDTX) or AA (PAA) and to evaluate their cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (4T1) in vitro. The PeNE without and with AA (PAA) and DTX (PDTX) were prepared by sonication and characterized by ZetaSizer® and electronic transmission microscopy. Viability testing and combination index (CI) were determined by MTT and Chou-Talalay methods, respectively. Flow cytometry was employed to investigate the effects of the formulations on cell structures. PeNE, PDTX, and PAA showed hydrodynamic diameter < 200 nm and a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.3. The association PDTX + PAA induced a greater decrease in cell viability (~70%, p < 0.0001) and additive effect (CI < 1). In parallel, an association of the DTX + AA molecules led to antagonism (CI > 1). Additionally, PDTX + PAA induced an expressive morphological change, a major change in lysosome membrane permeation and mitochondria membrane permeation, cell cycle blockage in G2/M, and phosphatidylserine exposure. The study highlights the successful use of pequi oil nanoemulsions as delivery systems for DTX and AA, which enhances their antitumor effects against breast cancer cells. This nanotechnological approach shows significant potential for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Simalie Ombredane
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LCBNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário—Centro Metropolitano, Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (A.S.O.); (N.O.M.); (G.M.V.d.S.); (V.H.S.A.); (E.B.d.O.D.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (Í.O.S.); (S.W.d.S.); (M.C.O.d.R.); (R.B.A.)
| | - Natália Ornelas Martins
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LCBNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário—Centro Metropolitano, Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (A.S.O.); (N.O.M.); (G.M.V.d.S.); (V.H.S.A.); (E.B.d.O.D.)
| | - Gabriela Mara Vieira de Souza
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LCBNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário—Centro Metropolitano, Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (A.S.O.); (N.O.M.); (G.M.V.d.S.); (V.H.S.A.); (E.B.d.O.D.)
| | - Victor Hugo Sousa Araujo
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LCBNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário—Centro Metropolitano, Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (A.S.O.); (N.O.M.); (G.M.V.d.S.); (V.H.S.A.); (E.B.d.O.D.)
| | - Ísis O. Szlachetka
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (Í.O.S.); (S.W.d.S.); (M.C.O.d.R.); (R.B.A.)
- Laboratory of Optical Espectroscopy, Physics Institute, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Sebastião William da Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (Í.O.S.); (S.W.d.S.); (M.C.O.d.R.); (R.B.A.)
- Laboratory of Optical Espectroscopy, Physics Institute, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Oliveira da Rocha
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (Í.O.S.); (S.W.d.S.); (M.C.O.d.R.); (R.B.A.)
| | - Andressa Souza de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.S.d.O.); (C.A.H.); (L.A.S.R.)
- Laboratory of Development of Therapeutic Innovations (LDT), Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Andrade Holanda
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.S.d.O.); (C.A.H.); (L.A.S.R.)
- Laboratory of Development of Therapeutic Innovations (LDT), Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.S.d.O.); (C.A.H.); (L.A.S.R.)
- Laboratory of Development of Therapeutic Innovations (LDT), Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Elysa Beatriz de Oliveira Damas
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LCBNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário—Centro Metropolitano, Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (A.S.O.); (N.O.M.); (G.M.V.d.S.); (V.H.S.A.); (E.B.d.O.D.)
| | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (Í.O.S.); (S.W.d.S.); (M.C.O.d.R.); (R.B.A.)
| | - Graziella Anselmo Joanitti
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LCBNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário—Centro Metropolitano, Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (A.S.O.); (N.O.M.); (G.M.V.d.S.); (V.H.S.A.); (E.B.d.O.D.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (Í.O.S.); (S.W.d.S.); (M.C.O.d.R.); (R.B.A.)
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Orlikowska-Rzeznik H, Versluis J, Bakker HJ, Piatkowski L. Cholesterol Changes Interfacial Water Alignment in Model Cell Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13151-13162. [PMID: 38687869 PMCID: PMC11099968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The nanoscopic layer of water that directly hydrates biological membranes plays a critical role in maintaining the cell structure, regulating biochemical processes, and managing intermolecular interactions at the membrane interface. Therefore, comprehending the membrane structure, including its hydration, is essential for understanding the chemistry of life. While cholesterol is a fundamental lipid molecule in mammalian cells, influencing both the structure and dynamics of cell membranes, its impact on the structure of interfacial water has remained unknown. We used surface-specific vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy to study the effect of cholesterol on the structure and hydration of monolayers of the lipids 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and egg sphingomyelin (SM). We found that for the unsaturated lipid DOPC, cholesterol intercalates in the membrane without significantly changing the orientation of the lipid tails and the orientation of the water molecules hydrating the headgroups of DOPC. In contrast, for the saturated lipids DPPC and SM, the addition of cholesterol leads to clearly enhanced packing and ordering of the hydrophobic tails. It is also observed that the orientation of the water hydrating the lipid headgroups is enhanced upon the addition of cholesterol. These results are important because the orientation of interfacial water molecules influences the cell membranes' dipole potential and the strength and specificity of interactions between cell membranes and peripheral proteins and other biomolecules. The lipid nature-dependent role of cholesterol in altering the arrangement of interfacial water molecules offers a fresh perspective on domain-selective cellular processes, such as protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Orlikowska-Rzeznik
- Faculty
of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Versluis
- AMOLF,
Ultrafast Spectroscopy, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib J. Bakker
- AMOLF,
Ultrafast Spectroscopy, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lukasz Piatkowski
- Faculty
of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Simeral ML, Demers SME, Sheth K, Hafner JH. A Raman spectral marker for the iso-octyl chain structure of cholesterol. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 5:2300057. [PMID: 38828085 PMCID: PMC11142391 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy provides label-free, specific analysis of biomolecular structure and interactions. It could have a greater impact with improved characterization of complex fingerprint vibrations. Many Raman peaks have been assigned to cholesterol, for example, but the molecular vibrations associated with those peaks are not known. In this report, time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the Raman spectrum of cholesterol are compared to measurements on microcrystalline powder to identify 23 peaks in the Raman spectrum. Among them, a band of six peaks is found to be sensitive to the conformational structure of cholesterol's iso-octyl chain. Calculations on 10 conformers in this spectral band are fit to experimental spectra to probe the cholesterol chain structure in purified powder and in phospholipid vesicles. In vesicles, the chain is found to bend perpendicular to the steroid rings, supporting the case that the chain is a dynamic structure that contributes to lipid condensation and other effects of cholesterol in biomembranes. Statement of Significance: Here we use density functional theory to identify a band of six peaks in cholesterol's Raman spectrum that is sensitive to the conformational structure of cholesterol's chain. Raman spectra were analyzed to show that in fluid-phase lipid membranes, about half of the cholesterol chains point perpendicular to the steroid rings. This new method of label-free structural analysis could make significant contributions to our understanding of cholesterol's critical role in biomembrane structure and function. More broadly, the results show that computational quantum chemistry Raman spectroscopy can make significant new contributions to molecular structure when spectra are interpreted with computational quantum chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyle Sheth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Jason H. Hafner
- Department of Physics and AstronomyRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
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Slavkova Z, Yancheva D, Genova J. Phase behaviour and structural properties of SOPC model lipid system in a sucrose solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123287. [PMID: 37633099 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid membranes are an important component of the biological cell. The profound understanding of their structure and functionality, as well as, the influence of various biologically relevant admixtures on their main characteristics is of great importance for research and development in medicine and pharmacology. The effect of sugars on the behaviour of the membrane cell enjoys an ever-increasing interest as they are biologically significant substances. We have studied the influence of the disaccharide sucrose on the physicochemical properties of SOPC (1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine) lipid system aiming to gain better understanding of the mechanisms of the interaction between both substances. For that purpose, we have used differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Our results show that adding sugar up to 300 mM concentration substantially alters the thermodynamic and structural properties of SOPC. The DSC thermograms at heating reveal a general lowering of the SOPC transition temperature Tm from gel to liquid crystalline phase (main phase transition, ordered-disordered phase transition) in the presence of sugar. The corresponding peaks are smeared and harder to trace. In agreement with this, a gradual decrease of the enthalpy values up to 300 mM was measured. The IR spectroscopy study provided spectral evidence for two states of hydration of the phosphate groups in the sugar-SOPC model systems suggesting a mechanism of interaction where only part of the phospholipid headgroups are hydrogen bonded to the sugar molecules. The obtained results are in good agreement with various earlier data including results about the bending elasticity moduli, as well as, some theoretical simulations on the sugar-lipid interactions. The current results also reinforce the potential of sucrose to be used as a cell protector against drought at, both, high and low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravka Slavkova
- G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussée blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie St., Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Denitsa Yancheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Build. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Julia Genova
- G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussée blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Santhosh PB, Tenev T, Šturm L, Ulrih NP, Genova J. Effects of Hydrophobic Gold Nanoparticles on Structure and Fluidity of SOPC Lipid Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10226. [PMID: 37373371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising candidates in various biomedical applications such as sensors, imaging, and cancer therapy. Understanding the influence of AuNPs on lipid membranes is important to assure their safety in the biological environment and to improve their scope in nanomedicine. In this regard, the present study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 wt.%) of dodecanethiol functionalized hydrophobic AuNPs on the structure and fluidity of zwitterionic 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (SOPC) lipid bilayer membranes using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and fluorescent spectroscopy. The size of AuNPs was found to be 2.2 ± 1.1 nm using transmission electron microscopy. FTIR results have shown that the AuNPs induced a slight shift in methylene stretching bands, while the band positions of carbonyl and phosphate group stretching were unaffected. Temperature-dependent fluorescent anisotropy measurements showed that the incorporation of AuNPs up to 2 wt.% did not affect the lipid order in membranes. Overall, these results indicate that the hydrophobic AuNPs in the studied concentration did not cause any significant alterations in the structure and membrane fluidity, which suggests the suitability of these particles to form liposome-AuNP hybrids for diverse biomedical applications including drug delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Budime Santhosh
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tzarigradsko Chaussee 72, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tihomir Tenev
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tzarigradsko Chaussee 72, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luka Šturm
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julia Genova
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tzarigradsko Chaussee 72, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Boafo GF, Magar KT, Ekpo MD, Qian W, Tan S, Chen C. The Role of Cryoprotective Agents in Liposome Stabilization and Preservation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012487. [PMID: 36293340 PMCID: PMC9603853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve liposomes’ usage as drug delivery vehicles, cryoprotectants can be utilized to prevent constituent leakage and liposome instability. Cryoprotective agents (CPAs) or cryoprotectants can protect liposomes from the mechanical stress of ice by vitrifying at a specific temperature, which forms a glassy matrix. The majority of studies on cryoprotectants demonstrate that as the concentration of the cryoprotectant is increased, the liposomal stability improves, resulting in decreased aggregation. The effectiveness of CPAs in maintaining liposome stability in the aqueous state essentially depends on a complex interaction between protectants and bilayer composition. Furthermore, different types of CPAs have distinct effective mechanisms of action; therefore, the combination of several cryoprotectants may be beneficial and novel attributed to the synergistic actions of the CPAs. In this review, we discuss the use of liposomes as drug delivery vehicles, phospholipid–CPA interactions, their thermotropic behavior during freezing, types of CPA and their mechanism for preventing leakage of drugs from liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Frimpong Boafo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Kosheli Thapa Magar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Marlene Davis Ekpo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wang Qian
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (C.C.)
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Santhosh PB, Genova J, Slavkova Z, Chamati H. Influence of melatonin on the structural and thermal properties of SOPC lipid membranes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cholesterol-phospholipid interactions resist the detergent effect of bovine bile. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111842. [PMID: 34022699 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol complexation gives rise to detergent-resistant liquid-ordered domains. The persistence of these domains and subsequent mixed micelle formation was examined in the presence of bile under physiological digestive in vitro conditions for vesicles comprising either SM/cholesterol, porcine brain phosphatidylcholine (BPC)/cholesterol, or soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC)/cholesterol bilayers, the latter two systems having no liquid-ordered domains. Micellization of these digested phospholipid multilamellar vesicle systems was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Bovine bile was found to consist of large multilamellar sheets which subsumed phospholipid vesicles to form aggregated superstructures. Budding off from these superstructures were vesicle-to-micelle transition intermediates: unilamellar vesicles and cylindrical micelles. The presence of cholesterol (60/40 phospholipid/cholesterol mol/mol) delayed the initial rapid onset of digestion, but not for BPC and SPC vesicle systems. Acyl chain order/disorder before and after vesicle-to-micelle transition of all three phospholipid/cholesterol systems was examined using Raman spectroscopy. The addition of bovine bile to both PC/cholesterol vesicle systems reduced the overall ratio of acyl chain disorder to order. In SM/cholesterol vesicles with ≤ 20% mol cholesterol, only the lateral inter-acyl chain packing was reduced, whereas for SM/cholesterol vesicles with ≥ 30% mol cholesterol, a higher proportion of gauche-to-trans isomerization was apparent, demonstrating that SM/cholesterol complexes modify the acyl chain structure of micelles.
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Genova J, Chamati H, Petrov M. Study of SOPC with embedded pristine and amide-functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes by DSC and FTIR spectroscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Genova J, Chamati H, Slavkova Z, Petrov M. Differential Scanning Calorimetric Study of the Effect of Cholesterol on the Thermotropic Phase Behavior of the Phospholipid 1‐Stearoyl‐2‐Oleoyl‐sn‐Glycero‐3‐Phosphocholine. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Genova
- Acad. G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State PhysicsBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Hassan Chamati
- Acad. G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State PhysicsBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Zdravka Slavkova
- Acad. G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State PhysicsBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Minko Petrov
- Acad. G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State PhysicsBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
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