Viscosity reduction of extra-heavy oil using toluene in water emulsions

Investigating the Rheology and Stability of Heavy Crude Oil-in-Water Emulsions Using APG08 Emulsifiers

This work investigates the performance of isooctyl glucoside (APG08) as an emulsifier for the preparation of a Karamay heavy crude oil-in-water emulsion to facilitate its pipeline transportation. First, various factors affecting the rheology and stability of prepared emulsions were studied. The results revealed that the viscosity and stability of emulsions increased with increasing oil content, surfactant concentration, mixing speed, mixing time, and pH of the aqueous phase. Emulsion viscosity was initially unchanged with the increase in homogenization temperature and then increased while emulsion stability decreased. Meanwhile, the optimal values of key parameters were 75 wt % oil content, 0.5 wt % surfactant concentration, temperature of 30 °C, mixing speed of 750 rpm, mixing time of 10 min, and aqueous phase pH of 11.14, resulting in a viscosity reduction of 88.82% and emulsion stability up to 48 h at 96.27%. In addition, a qualitative relationship between the stability and rheology of emulsions was elaborated by analyzing the experimental results. The findings showed that an increase in emulsion stability was accompanied by an increase in emulsion viscosity. Therefore, emulsion viscosity cannot become very high while improving emulsion stability to ensure proper transportation.