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Sarasiya S, Sarasiya S, Henary M. Exploration of NIR Squaraine Contrast Agents Containing Various Heterocycles: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1299. [PMID: 37765108 PMCID: PMC10534371 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Squaraine dye is a popular class of contrast near-infrared (NIR) dyes. Squaraine dyes have shown the ability to be modified with various heterocycles. The indole moiety is the most notable heterocycle incorporated in squaraine dyes. A tremendous amount of work has gone into developing indole-based squaraine dyes and determining their applications. The optical properties of squaraine dyes containing an indole moiety facilitate high quantum yields and molar absorptivity, but the absorbance maxima is capped near 700 nm. This is the major limitation of indole-based squaraine dyes. In comparison, other heterocycles with larger conjugated systems such as quinoline and perimidine have demonstrated promising optical properties and immense potential for modifications, albeit with limited development. Quinoline- and perimidine-based squaraine dyes have molar extinction coefficients over 100,000 M-1 cm-1 and absorbances over 800 nm. This report will look at indole-, quinoline-, and perimidine-based squaraine dyes. Due to the sheer number of reported dyes, the search for indole-based squaraine dyes has been limited to reports from the past five years (2018-2023). For quinoline- and perimidine-based squaraine dyes, a holistic search was performed to analyze the optical properties and applications, due to the abovementioned limitation. This report will evaluate the three different classes of squaraines: indole-, quinoline-, and perimidine-based, to evaluate their optical properties and applications, with the goal of encouraging the exploration of other heterocycles for use in squaraine dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahir Sarasiya
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.S.); (S.S.)
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sara Sarasiya
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.S.); (S.S.)
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Quatsomes Loaded with Squaraine Dye as an Effective Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030902. [PMID: 36986763 PMCID: PMC10057727 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a non-invasive therapeutic strategy that combines external light with a photosensitizer (PS) to destroy abnormal cells. Despite the great progress in the development of new photosensitizers with improved efficacy, the PS’s photosensitivity, high hydrophobicity, and tumor target avidity still represent the main challenges. Herein, newly synthesized brominated squaraine, exhibiting intense absorption in the red/near-infrared region, has been successfully incorporated into Quatsome (QS) nanovesicles at different loadings. The formulations under study have been characterized and interrogated in vitro for cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and PDT efficiency in a breast cancer cell line. The nanoencapsulation of brominated squaraine into QS overcomes the non-water solubility limitation of the brominated squaraine without compromising its ability to generate ROS rapidly. In addition, PDT effectiveness is maximized due to the highly localized PS loadings in the QS. This strategy allows using a therapeutic squaraine concentration that is 100 times lower than the concentration of free squaraine usually employed in PDT. Taken together, our results reveal the benefits of the incorporation of brominated squaraine into QS to optimize their photoactive properties and support their applicability as photosensitizer agents for PDT.
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Bondar MV, Faryadras S, Munera N, Chang HJ, Uddin M, Belfield KD, Kachkovsky OD, Van Stryland EW, Hagan DJ. New Two-Photon Absorbing Squaraine Derivative with Efficient Near-Infrared Fluorescence, Superluminescence, and High Photostability. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3897-3907. [PMID: 35584210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nature of linear photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of a new squaraine derivative 2,4-bis[4-(azetidyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]squaraine (1) with efficient near-infrared (NIR) emission was comprehensively analyzed based on spectroscopic, photochemical, and two-photon absorption (2PA) measurements, along with quantum chemical analysis. The steady-state absorption, fluorescence, and excitation anisotropy spectra of 1 and its fluorescence emission lifetimes revealed the multiple aspects of the electronic structure of 1, including the relative orientations of the main transition dipoles, effective rotational volumes in solvents of different polarities, and a maximum molar extinction of 1.35 × 10-5 M-1·cm-1, which is unusually small for similar symmetric squaraines. The degenerate 2PA spectrum of 1 was obtained over a broad spectral range under femtosecond excitation, using standard open-aperture Z-scan and two-photon induced fluorescence methods, revealing maximum 2PA cross sections of ∼400 GM. Squaraine 1 exhibited efficient superluminescence emission in the polar solvent (dichloromethane) at room temperature under femtosecond pumping conditions. Quantum chemical analysis of the electronic structure of 1 was performed using the DFT/TD-DFT level of theory and found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The new squaraine derivative 1 displayed high fluorescence quantum yield, efficient NIR superluminescence, large 2PA cross sections, and high photostability with a photodecomposition quantum yield ∼4 × 10-6, suggesting its potential for applications in two-photon fluorescent bioimaging and lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo V Bondar
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Institute of Physics NASU, Prospect Nauki, 46, Kyiv-28 03028, Ukraine
| | - Sanaz Faryadras
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Natalia Munera
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hao-Jung Chang
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Mehrun Uddin
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Olexiy D Kachkovsky
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Murmanskaya Street, 1, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Eric W Van Stryland
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - David J Hagan
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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Chinigò G, Gonzalez-Paredes A, Gilardino A, Barbero N, Barolo C, Gasco P, Fiorio Pla A, Visentin S. Polymethine dyes-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as promising photosensitizers for biomedical applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120909. [PMID: 35093822 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymethine dyes (PMD) have proved to be excellent candidates in the biomedical field for potential applications in both diagnostic and therapeutic. However, PMD application in biomedicine is hindered by their poor solubility and stability in physiological conditions. Therefore, the incorporation of these dyes in nanosystems could be important to prevent the formation of dye aggregates in aqueous environment and to protect their photophysical characteristics. In the present work, two PMD based on the benzoindolenine ring (bromine benzo-cyanine-C4 and bromine benzo-squaraine-C4) were incorporated into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) to solubilize and stabilize them in aqueous solutions. Obtained SLN showed a high incorporation efficiency for both PMD (≈90%) and not only preserved their spectroscopic properties in the NIR region even under physiological conditions but also improved them. Viability assays showed good biocompatibility of both empty and loaded nanocarriers while the cellular uptake and intracellular localization showed the effective internalization in MCF-7 cells, with a partial mitochondrial localization for CY-SLN. Moreover, in vitro phototoxicity assay showed that cyanine loaded-SLN (CY-SLN) is more photoactive than the free dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Chinigò
- University of Torino, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Gilardino
- University of Torino, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Nadia Barbero
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Via Quarello 15a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Via Quarello 15a, 10135 Turin, Italy; ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasco
- Nanovector Srl, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- University of Torino, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Sonja Visentin
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, via Quarello 15a, 10135 Turin, Italy
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Butnarasu C, Barbero N, Viscardi G, Visentin S. Unveiling the interaction between PDT active squaraines with ctDNA: A spectroscopic study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119224. [PMID: 33257241 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Squaraine dyes are potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their ability to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause DNA damage. For this reason, the evaluation and determination of the type of interaction between squaraines and DNA is of the utmost importance. In this study different spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to investigate the type of interaction that occurs between two photosensitizers (halogenated squaraines, i.e. Br-C4 and I-C4) and calf thymus DNA (ctDNA). Squaraines were found to bind ctDNA externally following a minor groove binding as they were able to replace Hoechst (a classic groove binder) from the groove of DNA. This binding mode was further supported by iodide quenching studies, ionic strength assay and Florescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Moreover, association (KA) and dissociation (KD) constants were obtained and compared with constants of well-known groove binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Butnarasu
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Via Quarello15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Nadia Barbero
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Viscardi
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sonja Visentin
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Via Quarello15, 10135 Torino, Italy.
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Balcerak A, Kwiatkowska D, Iwińska K, Kabatc J. Highly efficient UV-Vis light activated three-component photoinitiators composed of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane for polymerization of acrylates. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this paper concerns the evaluation of the efficiency of novel three-component systems for initiating the photopolymerization process of 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol triacrylate (TMPTA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Balcerak
- UTP University of Science and Technology
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- 85-326 Bydgoszcz
- Poland
| | - Dominika Kwiatkowska
- UTP University of Science and Technology
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- 85-326 Bydgoszcz
- Poland
| | - Katarzyna Iwińska
- UTP University of Science and Technology
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- 85-326 Bydgoszcz
- Poland
| | - Janina Kabatc
- UTP University of Science and Technology
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- 85-326 Bydgoszcz
- Poland
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