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Ribeiro CAS, Panico K, Handajevsky TJ, da Silva FD, Bellettini IC, Pavlova E, Giacomelli FC. Polyethylenimine as a Versatile Simultaneous Reducing and Stabilizing Agent Enabling One-Pot Synthesis of Transition-Metal Nanoparticles: Fundamental Aspects and Practical Implications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:17353-17365. [PMID: 37991740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The large surface area of metallic nanoparticles provides them with particular optical, chemical, and biological properties, accordingly enabling their use in a wide array of applications. In this regard, facile and fast synthetic approaches are desirable for ready-to-use functional materials. Following early investigations focused on the direct synthesis of polymer-coated gold nanoparticles, we herein demonstrate that such a strategy can be used to manufacture different types of d-block transition-metal nanoparticles via a one-pot method in aqueous media and mild temperature conditions. Gold (Au3+), palladium (Pd2+), and silver (Ag+) ions could be reduced using only polyethylenimine (PEI) or PEI derivatives acting simultaneously as a reducing and stabilizing agent and without the aid of any other external agent. The process gave rise, for instance, to Pd urchin-like nanostructures with a large surface area which confers to them outstanding catalytic performance compared to AuNPs and AgNPs produced using the same strategy. The polymer-stabilized AgNPs were demonstrated to be biocide against a variety of microorganisms, although AuNPs and PdNPs do not hold such an attribute at least in the probed concentration range. These findings may provide significant advances toward the practical, facile, and ready-to-use manufacturing of transition-metal nanoparticles for a myriad of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A S Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09280-560, Brazil
| | - Karine Panico
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09280-560, Brazil
| | - Tamara J Handajevsky
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09280-560, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Dias da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09280-560, Brazil
| | - Ismael C Bellettini
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Blumenau 89036-004, Brazil
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando C Giacomelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09280-560, Brazil
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Li R, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Ju Z, Ji X, Cui Y, Wang L, Xiao H. Pd nanoparticles stabilized by bitter gourd polysaccharide with peroxidase properties for H 2O 2 detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123513. [PMID: 36739057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanozymes using noble metal nanoparticles to replace natural peroxidase in bio-related detection has been gain great interest. Noble metal nanoparticles with small size have large specific surface area. However, small noble metal nanoparticles tend to aggregate without stabilizer. In this paper, small Pd nanoparticles (3-6 nm) stabilized by bitter gourd polysaccharide (Pdn-BGP NPs) were prepared by using bitter gourd polysaccharide as reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Pd25-BGP NPs had peroxidase-like catalytic property. And the catalytic kinetics of Pd25-BGP NPs towards substrates conformed to the Michaelis-Menten equation. Furthermore, a method was established to detect H2O2 using Pd25-BGP NPs. The linear range and detection limit of this method was 20-320 μM and 2.04 μM, respectively. Finally, Pd25-BGP NPs had good biocompatibility when the concentration was less than 80 μg/mL. The prepared Pd nanoparticles with high stability showed their good prospect in H2O2 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zejin Ju
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xianbing Ji
- Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao 066102, China
| | - Yanshuai Cui
- Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao 066102, China
| | - Longgang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Sweet, Sugar-Coated Hierarchical Platinum Nanostructures for Easy Support, Heterogenization and Separation. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are increasingly gaining interest in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we present a novel strategy for synthesizing sugar-coated platinum nanostructures (SC-Pt-NS) from the carbohydrates sucrose and D(-)-fructose. In the synthesis from a mixture of H2PtCl6·6H2O, the carbohydrate in an ionic liquid (IL) yielded primary particles of a homogeneous average size of ~10 nm, which were aggregated to hierarchical Pt nanostructures of ~40–65 nm and surrounded or supported by the carbohydrate. These sugar-coated platinum nanostructures present a facile way to support and heterogenize nanoparticles, avoid leaching and enable easier separation and handling. The catalytic activity of the SC-Pt-NS was shown in the hydrosilylation test reaction of phenylacetylene with triethylsilane, where very high turnover frequency (TOF) values of up to 87,200 h−1 could be achieved, while the platinum metal leaching into the product was very low.
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Lomelí-Rosales DA, Zamudio-Ojeda A, Reyes-Maldonado OK, López-Reyes ME, Basulto-Padilla GC, Lopez-Naranjo EJ, Zuñiga-Mayo VM, Velázquez-Juárez G. Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Capsicum chinense Plant. Molecules 2022; 27:1692. [PMID: 35268794 PMCID: PMC8911899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, several studies have focused on the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles making use of extracts from the fruit of the plants from the genus Capsicum. However, as the fruit is the edible, and highly commercial, part of the plant, in this work we focused on the leaves, a part of the plant that is considered agro-industrial waste. The biological synthesis of gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of root, stem and leaf of Capsicum chinense was evaluated, obtaining the best results with the leaf extract. Gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using leaf extract (AuNPs-leaf and AgNPs-leaf, respectively) were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Ultra Hight Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (UHR-SEM-EDX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and tested for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In addition, different metabolites involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles were analyzed. We found that by the use of extracts derived from the leaf, we could generate stable and easy to synthesize AuNPs and AgNPs. The AuNPs-leaf were synthesized using microwave radiation, while the AgNPs-leaf were synthesized using UV light radiation. The antioxidant activity of the extract, determined by ABTS, showed a decrease of 44.7% and 60.7% after the synthesis of the AuNPs-leaf and AgNPs-leaf, respectively. After the AgNPs-leaf synthesis, the concentration of polyphenols, reducing sugars and amino acids decreased by 15.4%, 38.7% and 46.8% in the leaf extract, respectively, while after the AuNPs-leaf synthesis only reducing sugars decreased by 67.7%. These results suggest that these groups of molecules are implicated in the reduction/stabilization of the nanoparticles. Although the contribution of these compounds in the synthesis of the AuNPs-leaf and the AgNPs-leaf was different. Finally, the AgNPs-leaf inhibited the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, S. marcescens and E. faecalis. All of them are bacterial strains of clinical importance due to their fast antibiotic resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alberto Lomelí-Rosales
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.A.L.-R.); (O.K.R.-M.); (M.E.L.-R.); (G.C.B.-P.)
| | - Adalberto Zamudio-Ojeda
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Oscar Kevin Reyes-Maldonado
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.A.L.-R.); (O.K.R.-M.); (M.E.L.-R.); (G.C.B.-P.)
| | - Morelia Eunice López-Reyes
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.A.L.-R.); (O.K.R.-M.); (M.E.L.-R.); (G.C.B.-P.)
| | - Georgina Cristina Basulto-Padilla
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.A.L.-R.); (O.K.R.-M.); (M.E.L.-R.); (G.C.B.-P.)
| | - Edgar José Lopez-Naranjo
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Universidad de Guadalajara, José Guadalupe Zuno # 48, Zapopan 45101, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Víctor Manuel Zuñiga-Mayo
- CONACyT-Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.A.L.-R.); (O.K.R.-M.); (M.E.L.-R.); (G.C.B.-P.)
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A S Ribeiro C, J C Albuquerque L, de Castro CE, Pereira RM, Albuquerque BL, Pavlova E, Gabriela Schlüter L, Batista BL, Bellettini IC, Giacomelli FC. Ready-to-use room temperature one-pot synthesis of surface-decorated gold nanoparticles with targeting attributes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:489-501. [PMID: 35121507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The development of facile and fast synthetic approaches is accordingly desirable towards ready-to-use biomedical materials. We report a practical one-pot method for the synthesis in aqueous media and room temperature of surface-decorated AuNPs with enhanced biological responses. The gold ions could be reduced using only polyethyleneimine (PEI) derivatives containing sugar and-or alkyl chains acting simultaneously as reducing and stabilizing agent, without the aid of any other mediator. The process is possibly potentialized by the presence of the amino groups in the polymer chains which further confer colloidal stability. The kinetics of AuNPs nucleation and growth depends on the chemical nature of the polymer chains. Particularly, the presence of lactose moieties conjugated to the PEI chains conducted to surface-decorated AuNPs with low cytotoxicity that are remarkably faster uptaken by HepG2 cells. These cells overexpress asialoglycoprotein (ASGP-R), a galactose receptor. These findings may kick off significant advances towards the practical and ready-to-use manufacturing of functionalized AuNPs towards cell-targeting since the methodology is applicable for a large variety of other ligands that can be conjugated to the same polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A S Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Lindomar J C Albuquerque
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil; Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos E de Castro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Pereira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Brunno L Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luiza Gabriela Schlüter
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Ismael C Bellettini
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Giacomelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.
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Tangthong T, Piroonpan T, Thipe VC, Khoobchandani M, Katti K, Katti KV, Pasanphan W. Bombesin Peptide Conjugated Water-Soluble Chitosan Gallate-A New Nanopharmaceutical Architecture for the Rapid One-Pot Synthesis of Prostate Tumor Targeted Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6957-6981. [PMID: 34675516 PMCID: PMC8520890 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s327045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We report herein bombesin peptide conjugated water-soluble chitosan gallate as a template for rapid one-pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with capabilities to target receptors on prostate cancer cells. METHODS Water-soluble chitosan (WCS), anchored with gallic acid (GA) and LyslLys3 (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo dodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) bombesin 1-14 (DBBN) peptide, provides a tumor targeting nanomedicine agent. WCS nanoplatforms provide attractive strategies with built-in capabilities to reduce gold (III) to gold nanoparticles with stabilizing and tumor-targeting capabilities. WCS-GA-DBBN encapsulation around gold nanoparticles affords optimum in vitro stability. RESULTS The DBBN content in the WCS-GA-DBBN sample was ~27%w/w. The antioxidant activities of WCS-GA and WCS-GA-DBBN nanocolloids were enhanced by 12 times as compared to the nascent WCS. AuNPs with a desirable hydrodynamic diameter range of 40-60 nm have been efficiently synthesized using WCS-GA and WCS-GA-DBBN platforms. The AuNPs were stable over 4 days after preparation and ~3 days after subjecting to all relevant biological fluids. The AuNPs capped with WCS-GA-DBBN peptide exhibited superior cellular internalization into prostate tumor (PC-3) cells with evidence of receptor mediated endocytosis. CONCLUSION The AuNPs capped with WCS-GA-DBBN exhibited selective affinity toward prostate cancer cells. AuNPs conjugated with WCS-GA-DBBN serve as a new generation of theranostic agents for treating various neoplastic diseases, thus opening-up new applications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theeranan Tangthong
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Processing for Polymer Modification and Nanotechnology (CRPN), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Thananchai Piroonpan
- Center of Radiation Processing for Polymer Modification and Nanotechnology (CRPN), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Velaphi C Thipe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Menka Khoobchandani
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kavita Katti
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kattesh V Katti
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Wanvimol Pasanphan
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Processing for Polymer Modification and Nanotechnology (CRPN), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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Silva LZ, Mauricio MR, Dubiela PG, Martins AF, Rubira AF. Star-shaped amino-functionalized poly(glycerol methacrylate)-stabilized gold nanoparticle composites with catalytic activity for reduction of 4-nitrophenol. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yamauchi N, Yatabe R, Iino H, Nagatsuka M, Sogame Y, Ogata M, Kobayashi Y. Spontaneous immobilization of both a fluorescent dye and a functional sugar during the fabrication of submicron-sized PMMA particles in an aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Castillo-Henríquez L, Alfaro-Aguilar K, Ugalde-Álvarez J, Vega-Fernández L, Montes de Oca-Vásquez G, Vega-Baudrit JR. Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts and Their Possible Applications as Antimicrobial Agents in the Agricultural Area. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1763. [PMID: 32906575 PMCID: PMC7558319 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, metal nanoparticles have varied uses for different medical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications. Nanobiotechnology, combined with green chemistry, has great potential for the development of novel and necessary products that benefit human health, environment, and industries. Green chemistry has an important role due to its contribution to unconventional synthesis methods of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts, which have exhibited antimicrobial potential, among other outstanding properties. Biodiversity-rich countries need to collect and convert knowledge from biological resources into processes, compounds, methods, and tools, which need to be achieved along with sustainable use and exploitation of biological diversity. Therefore, this paper describes the relevant reported green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts and their capacity as antimicrobial agents within the agricultural field for fighting against bacterial and fungal pathogens that can cause plant, waterborne, and foodborne diseases. Moreover, this work makes a brief review of nanoparticles' contribution to water treatment and the development of "environmentally-friendly" nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides, as well as presenting the harmful effects of nanoparticles accumulation in plants and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo-Henríquez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
| | - Karla Alfaro-Aguilar
- Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (K.A.-A.); (L.V.-F.)
| | - Jeisson Ugalde-Álvarez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
| | - Laura Vega-Fernández
- Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (K.A.-A.); (L.V.-F.)
| | - Gabriela Montes de Oca-Vásquez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
| | - José Roberto Vega-Baudrit
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
- Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (K.A.-A.); (L.V.-F.)
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