Fabrication of a ternary BiOCl/CQDs/rGO photocatalyst: The roles of CQDs and rGO in adsorption-photocatalytic removal of ciprofloxacin

High Selectivity Fuel from Efficient CO2 Conversion by Zn-Modified rGO and Amine-Functionalized CuO as a Photocatalyst

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been used in copper (II) oxide (CuO)-based photocatalysts as an additive material. An application of this CuO-based photocatalyst is in the CO₂ reduction process. The preparation of rGO by a Zn-modified Hummers' method has resulted in a high quality of rGO in terms of excellent crystallinity and morphology. However, implementing Zn-modified rGO in CuO-based photocatalysts for the CO₂ reduction process has yet to be studied. Therefore, this study explores the potential of combining Zn-modified rGO with CuO photocatalysts and performing these rGO/CuO composite photocatalysts to convert CO₂ into valuable chemical products. The rGO was synthesized by using a Zn-modified Hummers' method and covalently grafted with CuO by amine functionalization with three different compositions (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30) of rGO/CuO photocatalyst. XRD, FTIR, and SEM were used to investigate the crystallinity, chemical bonds, and morphology of the prepared rGO and rGO/CuO composites. The performance of rGO/CuO photocatalysts for the CO₂ reduction process was quantitively measured by GC-MS. We found that the rGO showed successful reduction using a Zn reducing agent. The rGO sheet could be grafted with CuO particles and resulted in a good morphology of rGO/CuO, as shown from the XRD, FTIR, and SEM results. The rGO/CuO material showed photocatalytic performance due to the advantages of synergistic components and resulted in methanol, ethanolamine, and aldehyde as fuel with amounts of 37.12, 8730, and 17.1 mmol/g catalyst, respectively. Meanwhile, adding CO₂ flow time increases the resulting quantity of the product. In conclusion, the rGO/CuO composite could have potential for large-scale CO₂ conversion and storage applications.

Structural regulatory mechanism of phosphotungstate acid decorated graphene oxide quantum dots-chitosan aerogel and its application in ciprofloxacin degradation

Chitosan modified AGQD (amine modified graphene oxide quantum dots) and then combined with H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ to obtain CS_x@AGQD-HPW₁₂ via facile process and applied for CIP removal through pre-adsorption and photocatalytic processes. The application of chitosan could regulate the morphology and photoelectric properties effectively. CS_0.5@AGQD-HPW₁₂ was found to have the optimal CIP removal performance among all the products, the corresponding adsorption removal efficiency and pre-adsorption photocatalysis process were 72.1 % and 98.8 %, respectively. Results of toxicity assessment confirmed photocatalytic degradation process could mitigate the ecotoxicity of CIP effectively. The optimal TOC (total organic carbon) removal efficiency was about 52.1 %. Possible pathways for CIP degradation and reaction mechanism were proposed based on the results of intermediates analysis and trapping experiments. This demonstrated a novel approach to chitosan application and an eco-friendly way to remove CIP by adsorption-photocatalysis process.

Synthesis of a ternary Bi2O3/CQDs/rGO photocatalyst to active peroxymonosulfate for the removal of tetracycline hydrochloride

In this paper, the ternary Bi₂O₃/CQDs/rGO photocatalyst was synthesized by a solvothermal method. The as-fabricated Bi₂O₃/CQDs/rGO composites showed stronger visible-light response and higher photocatalytic activity. In order to further enhance the degradation efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride, Bi₂O₃/CQDs/rGO was used to activate peroxymonosulfate under visible-light irradiation. The degradation efficiency increased sevenfold, indicating that the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate activated by photogenerated electrons could clearly increase the degradation efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride. In addition, the photocatalytic mechanism was further proposed and verified by radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. Thus, this study provides a new idea for the photocatalytic application of Bi₂O₃/CQDs/rGO and a contribution to the degradation of antibiotics to avoid polluting the water environment.

Photocatalytic assessed adsorptive removal of tinidazole from aqueous environment using reduced magnetic graphene oxide-bismuth oxychloride and its silver composite

Antibiotics (tinidazole (TNZ)) in wastewater, exhibit adverse effects on humans and ecosystem. The current study was aimed to synthesize photocatalysts mrGO/BiOCl and mrGO/BiOCl/Ag. mrGO was coupled with BiOCl by hydrothermal method and Ag was deposited over it. The synthesized mrGO/BiOCl and mrGO/BiOCl/Ag were confirmed by Pzc analysis (5.5 and 4.4 for mrGO/BiOCl and mrGO/BiOCl/Ag, respectively), surface area analysis (380 m² g^-1, 227.7 m² g^-1, 220 m² g^-1 for mrGO, mrGO/BiOCl and mrGO/BiOCl/Ag respectively), elemental analysis (Ag, O, Bi, Fe), surface morphology (rough ball like sphere of mrGO/BiOCl and cubic Ag nanoparticles in mrGO/BiOCl/Ag), functional groups and band gap (Eg) determination. The Eg was determined using Kubelka-Munk equation as 3.5 and 2.8 eV for mrGO/BiOCl and mrGO/BiOCl/Ag respectively. During the adsorption study, the best experimental conditions for various operating parameters such as pH (2), contact time (5 min for mrGO/BiOCl and 10 min for mrGO/BiOCl/Ag under UV irradiation), TNZ concentration (18 μgL^-1) and catalyst dosage (0.001 g) were achieved. Kinetic study revealed that both composites followed pseudo second order kinetics (R² = 0.9979 and 0.9986, respectively). Data of rGO/BiOCl was fitted to Freundlich adsorption model (R² = 0.9687) and rGO/BiOCl/Ag fitted to Langmuir adsorption model (R² = 0.9994). Moreover, thermodynamic parameters confirmed that a photodegradation phenomenon was spontaneous and exothermic. The results confirmed that rGO/BiOCl and rGO/BiOCl/Ag are appropriate composites for TNZ removal from the aqueous environment with removal efficiency of 97 and 24%, respectively.

Remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants using graphene-based materials - A review on operating conditions, mechanism and toxicology

Graphene is a high surface area special carbon compound with exceptional biological, electronic and mechanical properties. Graphene-based materials are potential components used in water treatment on different modes and processes. Ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin are two commonly found pharmaceutical contaminants discharged into water bodies from industrial, domestic and hospital sources. Their concentration levels in water bodies are reported in the range of 1 μg/L to 6.5 mg/L and 0.050-100 μg/L respectively. Their toxic effects pose very high risk to the inhabiting organisms. Their ability to resist biodegradation and capacity to bioaccumulate makes the conventional methods less effective in removal. In the present article, treatment of these compounds via three methods, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation and electro-fenton reactions using graphene-based materials along with the methods adopted for synthesis and treatment are reviewed. The uptakes obtained by graphene-derived adsorbents are presented along with the optimal operating conditions. Studies reported complete removal of ibuprofen from wastewater was achieved at 7 pH for 60 min using graphene membrane as adsorbent and uptake of 99% of ciprofloxacin was exhibited for graphene nanoplates/boron nitrate aerogel at a pH of 7 and 60 min. The reduced graphene oxide surface exhibits higher affinity to light adsorption which leads to the formation of photo generated electrons. The future perspectives for improved applications of graphene-based materials and the research gap currently existing are highlighted.

Heterostructured α-Bi2O3/BiOCl Nanosheet for Photocatalytic Applications

Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater is recognized as a promising technology. However, photocatalyst Bi₂O₃ responds to visible light and suffers from low quantum yield. In this study, the α-Bi₂O₃ was synthetized and used for removing Cl^- in acidic solutions to transform BiOCl. A heterostructured α-Bi₂O₃/BiOCl nanosheet can be fabricated by coupling Bi₂O₃ (narrow band gap) with layered BiOCl (rapid photoelectron transmission). During the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), the Bi₂O₃/BiOCl composite material presented excellent photocatalytic activity. Under visible light irradiation for 60 min, the Bi₂O₃/BiOCl photocatalyst delivered a superior removal rate of 99.9%, which was much higher than pristine Bi₂O₃ (36.0%) and BiOCl (74.4%). Radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance spectra further confirmed the dominant effect of electron holes h⁺ and superoxide radical anions ·O₂^- for the photodegradation process. This work develops a green strategy to synthesize a high-performance photocatalyst for organic dye degradation.

Halides and oxyhalides-based photocatalysts for abatement of organic water contaminants - An overview

Recently, halides (silver halides, AgX; perosvkite halides, ABX₃) and oxyhalides (bismuth oxyhalides, BiOX) based nanomaterials are noticeable photocatalysts in the degradation of organic water pollutants. Therefore, we review the recent reports to explore improvement strategies adopted in AgX, ABX₃ and BiOX (X = Cl, Br and I)-based photocatalysts in water pollution remediation. Herein, the photocatalytic degradation performances of each type of these photocatalysts were discussed. Strategies such as tailoring the morphology, crystallographic facet exposure, surface area, band structure, and creation of surface defects to improve photocatalytic activities of pure halides and BiOCl photocatalysts are emphasized. Other strategies like metal ion and/or non-metal doping and construction of composites, adopted in these photocatalysts were also reviewed. Furthermore, the way of production of active radicals by these photocatalysts under ultraviolet/visible light source is highlighted. The deciding factors such as structure of pollutant, light sources and other parameters on the photocatalytic performances of these materials were also explored. Based on this literature survey, the need of further research on AgX, ABX₃ and BiOX-based photocatalysts were suggested. This review might be beneficial for researchers who are working in halides and oxyhalides-based photocatalysis for water treatment.

One-pot synthesis of oxygen-vacancy-rich Cu-doped UiO-66 for collaborative adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin

UiO-66, as one of the most stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), has attracted a lot of attention in the field of adsorption and photocatalysis. However, this application of UiO-66 is still limited due to either the low accessibility of micropores or the poor electron-hole charge separation capability. This study aims to promote UiO-66 accessibility of micropores and charge separation through the construction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and mesopore defects as well as copper incorporation. Herein, mesopore Cu doped UiO-66 with rich OVs was synthesized by a one-pot method and demonstrated high efficiency for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from the aquatic system. First of all, denatured mesopore defects were produced in Cu doped UiO-66 which possessed a 58% increase in specific surface area compared to UiO-66, facilitating the adsorption of molecular oxygen. Secondly, e^- was preferentially trapped by OVs under light irradiation. Electron (e^-) reacted rapidly with the surface adsorbed oxygen to generate superoxide radical (O₂^-). Meanwhile, copper incorporation increased the photocurrent and reduced the interfacial charge transfer resistance, thereby improving the charge separation efficiency. As a result, the adsorption efficiency and photocatalytic performance of mesopore Cu doped UiO-66 with OVs were 8.1 and 3.7 times higher than those of UiO-66, respectively. This study paved a way for the one-step synthesis of MOFs containing OVs and broadened the possibilities of practical applications for photo-induced removal of antibiotics from effluent.

A Review on Carbon Quantum Dot Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts for the Abatement of Refractory Pollutants

Photocatalysis is a green approach frequently utilised to eliminate a variety of environmentally hazardous refractory pollutants. Accordingly, the modification of semiconductor photocatalysts with Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) is of great importance for the treatment of such pollutants due to their attractive physical and chemical properties. CQDs are a perfect candidate to handle photocatalysts of high-performance since they operate as co-catalysts and as visible light harvesters. The higher separation rate of electron-hole pairs in the photocatalytic system is attributable to better photodegradation efficiency. This review classifies CQD based photocatalysts as pure, doped and composite materials and discusses the specific advantages of CQDs in visible light-driven photocatalysis. In this work, the versatile roles of CQDs in CQD-based photocatalytic systems are thoroughly discussed and s u mmarised.

Electrochemiluminescence biosensor for cardiac troponin I with signal amplification based on a MoS2@Cu2O–Ag-modified electrode and Ce:ZnO-NGQDs

A sensitive sandwiched electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was built for the detection of cTnI. The ECL immunosensor had a low detection limit (2.90 fg mL−1) and wide detection range (10 pg mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1).

Recent developments on bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX; X = Cl, Br, I) based ternary nanocomposite photocatalysts for environmental applications

Photocatalytic treatment of organic pollutants present in wastewater using semiconductor nanomaterials under light irradiation is one of the efficient advanced oxidation processes. Stable metal oxide (e.g. TiO₂) based semiconductor photocatalytic systems have been mainly investigated for this purpose. Nevertheless, their large band gap (~3.2 eV) makes them inefficient in utilization of visible light portion of solar light leading to a lower degradation efficiency. Investigations have focused on the development of visible light responsive bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX; X = Cl, Br, I), one of the potential nanomaterials with unique layered structure, for efficient absorption of solar light for the degradation of pollutants. However, the rapid recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers limits their practical applicability. To overcome such drawbacks, the development of BiOX based ternary nanocomposites received significant attention because of their unique structural and electronic properties, improved visible light response and increased separation and transfer rate of photogenerated charge carriers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent developments on bismuth oxyhalides-based ternary nanocomposites for enhanced environmental pollutants decomposition under visible light irradiation. The principles of photocatalysis, synthetic methodologies of bismuth oxyhalides and their characteristics such as heterojunctions formation, improved visible light response and separation rate of charge carriers and the mechanisms for enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity are discussed. In addition, the future prospects on the improvement in the photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxyhalides-based ternary nanocomposites are also discussed. This review could be beneficial for designing new ternary nanocomposites with superior visible light photocatalytic efficiency.

Rapid Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 Core-2-Layer-Shell Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

In this work, magnetic nanoparticles based on magnetite were successfully prepared via rapid microwave-assisted synthesis. In order to obtain the ternary core–shell Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite, first magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were coated with a protective layer of silica (SiO2) and finally with titania (TiO2). The composite configuration comprising porous and photoactive shells should facilitate the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) from water. Furthermore, the magnetic core is critical for processing the management of the photocatalytic powder suspension. The magnetization of the prepared magnetic nanoparticles was confirmed by vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), while the structure and morphology of the core–shell nanocomposite were investigated by means of XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Adsorption and photocatalysis were evaluated by investigating the removal efficiency of ciprofloxacin (CIP) as a model OMP using the prepared magnetic core–shell nanocomposite under UV-A light irradiation. It was found that the Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite showed good synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic properties. The measurement of iron in eluate confirmed that no leaching occurred during the photocatalytic examination. The recovery of magnetic nanocomposite by an external magnetic field confirmed that the magnetically separated catalyst is highly suitable for recycling and reuse.

Advanced Two-Dimensional Heterojunction Photocatalysts of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Bismuth Oxyhalides with Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications

Semiconductor-based photocatalysis has been identified as an encouraging approach for solving the two main challenging problems, viz., remedying our polluted environment and the generation of sustainable chemical energy. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX and BixOyXz where X = Cl, Br, and I) are a relatively new class of semiconductors that have attracted considerable interest for photocatalysis applications due to attributes, viz., high stability, suitable band structure, modifiable energy bandgap and two-dimensional layered structure capable of generating an internal electric field. Recently, the construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, especially 2D/2D systems, has convincingly drawn momentous attention practicably owing to the productive influence of having two dissimilar layered semiconductors in face-to-face contact with each other. This review has systematically summarized the recent progress on the 2D/2D heterojunction constructed between BiOX/BixOyXz with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The band structure of individual components, various fabrication methods, different strategies developed for improving the photocatalytic performance and their applications in the degradation of various organic contaminants, hydrogen (H2) evolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, nitrogen (N2) fixation and the organic synthesis of clean chemicals are summarized. The perspectives and plausible opportunities for developing high performance BiOX/BixOyXz-g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts are also discussed.

The Influence of Photoactive Heterostructures on the Photocatalytic Removal of Dyes and Pharmaceutical Active Compounds: A Mini-Review

The diversification of pollutants type and concentration in wastewater has underlined the importance of finding new alternatives to traditional treatment methods. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), among others, are considered as promising candidate to efficiently remove organic pollutants such as dyes or pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs). The present minireview resumes several recent achievements on the implementation and optimization of photoactive heterostructures used as photocatalysts for dyes and PhACs removal. The paper is focused on various methods of enhancing the heterostructure photocatalytic properties by optimizing parameters such as synthesis methods, composition, crystallinity, morphology, pollutant concentration and light irradiation.