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Mulukutla A, Shreshtha R, Kumar Deb V, Chatterjee P, Jain U, Chauhan N. Recent advances in antimicrobial peptide-based therapy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107151. [PMID: 38359706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of polypeptide chains that have the property to target and kill a myriad of microbial organisms including viruses, bacteria, protists, etc. The first discovered AMP was named gramicidin, an extract of aerobic soil bacteria. Further studies discovered that these peptides are present not only in prokaryotes but in eukaryotes as well. They play a vital role in human innate immunity and wound repair. Consequently, they have maintained a high level of intrigue among scientists in the field of immunology, especially so with the rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens decreasing the reliability of antibiotics in healthcare. While AMPs have promising potential to substitute for common antibiotics, their use as effective replacements is barred by certain limitations. First, they have the potential to be cytotoxic to human cells. Second, they are unstable in the blood due to action by various proteolytic agents and ions that cause their degradation. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of AMPs, their limitations, and developments in recent years that provide techniques to overcome those limitations. We also discuss the advantages and drawbacks of AMPs as a replacement for antibiotics as compared to other alternatives such as synthetically modified bacteriophages, traditional medicine, and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mulukutla
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Romi Shreshtha
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Deb
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pallabi Chatterjee
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
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2
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Khan F, Singh P, Joshi AS, Tabassum N, Jeong GJ, Bamunuarachchi NI, Mijakovic I, Kim YM. Multiple potential strategies for the application of nisin and derivatives. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:628-657. [PMID: 35997756 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2112650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nisin is a naturally occurring bioactive small peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and belongs to the Type A (I) lantibiotics. Due to its potent antimicrobial activity, it has been broadly employed to preserve various food materials as well as to combat a variety of microbial pathogens. The present review discusses the antimicrobial properties of nisin and different types of their derivatives employed to treat microbial pathogens with a detailed underlying mechanism of action. Several alternative strategies such as combination, conjugation, and nanoformulations have been discussed in order to address several issues such as rapid degradation, instability, and reduced activity due to the various environmental factors that arise in the applications of nisin. Furthermore, the evolutionary relationship of many nisin genes from different nisin-producing bacterial species has been investigated. A detailed description of the natural and bioengineered nisin variants, as well as the underlying action mechanisms, has also been provided. The chemistry used to apply nisin in conjugation with natural or synthetic compounds as a synergetic mode of antimicrobial action has also been thoroughly discussed. The current review will be useful in learning about recent and past research that has been performed on nisin and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Singh
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Abhayraj S Joshi
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ivan Mijakovic
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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3
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Deng T, Luo D, Zhang R, Zhao R, Hu Y, Zhao Q, Wang S, Iqbal MZ, Kong X. DOX-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoclusters for colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy: Evaluation based on the cancer cells and organoids. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:22-31. [PMID: 36328181 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is meaningful to find suitable in vitro models for preclinical toxicology and efficacy evaluation of nanodrugs and nanocarriers or drug screening and promoting clinical transformation of nanocarriers. The emergence and development of organoids technology provide a great possibility to achieve this goal. Herein, we constructed an in vitro 3D organoid model to study the inhibitory effect of nanocarriers on colorectal cancer. And designed hydroxyapatite nanoclusters (c-HAP) mediated by polydopamine (PDA) formed under alkaline conditions (pH 9.0), then used c-HAP to load DOX (c-HAP/DOX) as nanocarrier for improved chemotherapy. In vitro, drug release experiments show that c-HAP/DOX has suitable responsive to pH, can be triggered to the facile release of DOX in a slightly acidic environment (pH 6.0), and maintain specific stability in a neutral pH value (7.4) environment. c-HAP/DOX showed an excellent antitumor effect in the two-dimensional (2D) cell model and three-dimensional (3D) patient-derived colon cancer organoids (PDCCOs) model. In addition, c-HAP/DOX can release a sufficient amount of DOX to produce cytotoxicity in a slightly acidic environment, entering efficiently into the colorectal cancer cells caused endocytosis and induced apoptosis. Therefore, organoids can serve as an effective in vitro model to present the structure and function of colorectal cancer tissues and be used to evaluate the efficacy of nanocarriers for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Deng
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Yeting Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, PR China
| | - Qingwei Zhao
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy & Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Shibo Wang
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
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Wu H, Zhao C, Lin K, Wang X. Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine-Based Multilayered Coatings for Enhanced Bone Formation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:952500. [PMID: 35875492 PMCID: PMC9301208 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.952500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Repairing bone defects remains a challenge in clinical practice and the application of artificial scaffolds can enhance local bone formation, but the function of unmodified scaffolds is limited. Considering different application scenarios, the scaffolds should be multifunctionalized to meet specific demands. Inspired by the superior adhesive property of mussels, polydopamine (PDA) has attracted extensive attention due to its universal capacity to assemble on all biomaterials and promote further adsorption of multiple external components to form PDA-based multilayered coatings with multifunctional property, which can induce synergistic enhancement of new bone formation, such as immunomodulation, angiogenesis, antibiosis and antitumor property. This review will summarize mussel-inspired PDA-based multilayered coatings for enhanced bone formation, including formation mechanism and biofunction of PDA coating, as well as different functional components. The synergistic enhancement of multiple functions for better bone formation will also be discussed. This review will inspire the design and fabrication of PDA-based multilayered coatings for different application scenarios and promote deeper understanding of their effect on bone formation, but more efforts should be made to achieve clinical translation. On this basis, we present a critical conclusion, and forecast the prospects of PDA-based multilayered coatings for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaili Lin
- *Correspondence: Kaili Lin, ; Xudong Wang,
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Fabrication of Biologically Active Fish Bone Derived Hydroxyapatite and Montmorillonite Blended Sodium Alginate Composite for In-Vitro Drug Delivery Studies. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Mirković M, Filipović S, Kalijadis A, Mašković P, Mašković J, Vlahović B, Pavlović V. Hydroxyapatite/TiO2 Nanomaterial with Defined Microstructural and Good Antimicrobial Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050592. [PMID: 35625236 PMCID: PMC9137706 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing number of people infected with the new coronavirus globally, which weakens immunity, there has been an increase in bacterial infections. Hence, knowledge about simple and low-cost synthesis methods of materials with good structural and antimicrobial properties is of great importance. A material obtained through the combination of a nanoscale hydroxyapatite material (with good biocompatibility) and titanium dioxide (with good degradation properties of organic molecules) can absorb and decompose bacteria. In this investigation, three different synthesis routes used to prepare hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanomaterials are examined. The morphology and semiquantitative chemical composition are characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The obtained materials’ phase and structural characterization are determined using the X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD). The crystallite sizes of the obtained materials are in the range of 8 nm to 15 nm. Based on XRD peak positions, the hexagonal hydroxyapatite phases are formed in all samples along with TiO2 anatase and rutile phases. According to SEM and TEM analyses, the morphology of the prepared samples differs depending on the synthesis route. The EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Ti, Ca, P, and O in the obtained materials. The IR spectroscopy verified the vibration bands characteristic for HAp and titanium. The investigated materials show excellent antimicrobial and photocatalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljana Mirković
- Department of Materials, University of Belgrade, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Suzana Filipović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, KnezMihailova 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ana Kalijadis
- Department of Materials, University of Belgrade, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Pavle Mašković
- Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32012 Čačak, Serbia; (P.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Jelena Mašković
- Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32012 Čačak, Serbia; (P.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Branislav Vlahović
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;
- NASA University Research Center for Aerospace Device Research and Education and NSF Center of Research Excellence in Science and Technology Computational Center for Fundamental and Applied Science and Education, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Vladimir Pavlović
- Department for Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Qiu Y, Gao Y, Liu Y, Li Z, Wei Q, Xu W, Wang Y. Near-infrared electrospun fiber with bimetallic coating for antibacterial and bone regeneration. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Patty DJ, Nugraheni AD, Ana ID, Yusuf Y. In vitro bioactivity of 3D microstructure hydroxyapatite/collagen based-egg white as an antibacterial agent. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1412-1424. [PMID: 35040555 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to design 3D scaffold hydroxyapatite (HA)/collagen (Coll) based egg-white (EW) as antibacterial properties. The calcium source in HA synthesis derived from the Pinctada maxima shell cultivated on Bali Island has proven biocompatibility, and the compressive strength exceeded human bone. HA synthesis by precipitation with heat treatment in oven-dried at 80°C (HA-80) and annealed at 900°C (HA-900), has crystallinity 48% and 85%, respectively, were used for scaffold design. The physicochemical properties of X-ray diffractometer spectra showed that increasing temperature affected the crystallinity and HA phase formed. Furthermore, the crystal structure of HA changed in nanocomposite due to the substitution of Coll and EW, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirmed that the absorption peak of the phosphate group (1027-1029 cm-1 ) decreased intensity, presumably by protein binding of EW and Coll. The cell viability of HA/Coll/EW in 24, 48, and 72 h incubation period was 112.34 ± 4.36, 104.89 ± 3.41, 72.88 ± 6.85, respectively. The decreases of cell viability due to high cell density and reduced nutrients in wells. Antibacterial activity of HA/Col/EW exhibited a strong zone of inhibition against bacteria causing periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Julaidy Patty
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Ari Dwi Nugraheni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yusril Yusuf
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Chen ZY, Gao S, Zhang YW, Zhou RB, Zhou F. Antibacterial biomaterials in bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2594-2612. [PMID: 33666632 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone infection is a devastating disease characterized by recurrence, drug-resistance, and high morbidity, that has prompted clinicians and scientists to develop novel approaches to combat it. Currently, although numerous biomaterials that possess excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, porosity, and mechanical strength have been developed, their lack of effective antibacterial ability substantially limits bone-defect treatment efficacy. There is, accordingly, a pressing need to design antibacterial biomaterials for effective bone-infection prevention and treatment. This review focuses on antibacterial biomaterials and strategies; it presents recently reported biomaterials, including antibacterial implants, antibacterial scaffolds, antibacterial hydrogels, and antibacterial bone cement types, and aims to provide an overview of these antibacterial materials for application in biomedicine. The antibacterial mechanisms of these materials are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Chen
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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Long-Term Antibacterial Effect of Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyacrylate Sodium Nanofiber Containing Nisin-Loaded Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091803. [PMID: 32927663 PMCID: PMC7559420 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to assess the optimal conditions for a Water/Oil/Water (W/O/W) emulsion for encapsulated nisin (EN). Nano-encapsulated nisin had high encapsulation efficiencies (EE) (86.66 ± 1.59%), small particle size (320 ± 20 nm), and low polydispersity index (0.27). Biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylate sodium (PAAS) were blended with EN and prepared by electrospinning. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed PVA/PAAS/EN nanofibers with good morphology, and that their EN activity and mechanical properties were enhanced. When the ultrasonication time was 15 min and 15% EN was added, the nanofibers had optimal mechanical, light transmittance, and barrier properties. Besides, the release behavior of nisin from the nanofibers fit the Korsemeyer–Peppas (KP) model, a maximum nisin release rate of 85.28 ± 2.38% was achieved over 16 days. At 4 °C, the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited for 16 days in nanofibers under different ultrasonic times. The application of the fiber in food packaging can effectively inhibit the activity of food microorganisms and prolong the shelf life of strawberries, displaying a great potential application for food preservation.
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Lan W, Zhang R, Ji T, Sameen DE, Ahmed S, Qin W, Dai J, He L, Liu Y. Improving nisin production by encapsulated Lactococcus lactis with starch/carboxymethyl cellulose edible films. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:117062. [PMID: 33142614 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Lactococcus lactis was embedded in a film of corn starch (NS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) prepared using a casting method. At a CMC:NS ratio of 5:5, the composite film had the best comprehensive properties. Scanning electron microscopy images clearly showed that L. lactis was effectively embedded. The film with 1.5 % L. lactis showed the best performance and the lowest water vapor transmission rate (5.54 × 10-11 g/m s Pa. In addition, the edible film retained a viable count of 5.64 log CFU/g of L. lactis when stored at 4 °C for 30 days. The composite film with 1.5 % L. lactis showed the highest release of nisin (3.35 mg/mL) and good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (53.53 %) after 8 days. Therefore, this edible film is a viable alternative antimicrobial strategy for the active packaging of foods containing low moisture content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Tengteng Ji
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Dur E Sameen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China.
| | - Yaowen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China; California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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