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Tian R, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Yang S, Jiang L, Sui X. Sacrificial hydrogen bonds enhance the performance of covalently crosslinked composite films derived from soy protein isolate and dialdehyde starch. Food Chem 2024; 456:140055. [PMID: 38876072 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Soy protein films have the advantage of being eco-friendly and renewable, but their practical applications are hindered by the mechanical properties. The exceptional tensile strength and fracture toughness of natural silk stem from sacrificial hydrogen bonds it contains that effectively dissipates energy. In this study, we draw inspiration from silk's structural principles to create biodegradable films based on soy protein isolate (SPI). Notably, composite films containing sodium lignosulfonate (LS) demonstrate exceptional strain at break (up to 153%) due to the augmentation of reversible hydrogen bonding, contrasted to films with the addition of solely dialdehyde starch (DAS). The enhancement of tensile strength is realized through a combination of Schiff base cross-linking and sacrificial hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the incorporation of LS markedly improves the films' ultraviolet (UV) blocking capabilities and hydrophobicity. This innovative design strategy holds great promise for advancing the production of eco-friendly SPI-based films that combine strength and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yidan Fu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lianzhou Jiang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xiaonan Sui
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Ruwoldt J, Handiso B, Øksnes Dalheim M, Solberg A, Simon S, Syverud K. Interfacial Adsorption of Oil-Soluble Kraft Lignin and Stabilization of Water-in-Oil Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5409-5419. [PMID: 38424003 PMCID: PMC10938882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the potential of esterified Kraft lignin as a novel oil-soluble surfactant was examined. The lignin was chemically modified by esterification with lauric or stearic acid, making it soluble in solvents such as toluene or n-decane. Adsorption at the oil-water interface was then studied by the Du Noüy ring-method. The oil-soluble lignin behaved similar to water-soluble lignin surfactants, both the qualitative and quantitative progression of interfacial tension. Modeling revealed a surface excess of 7.5-9.0 × 10-7 mol/m2, area per molecule of 185-222 Å2, and a diffusion coefficient within the range 10-10 to 10-14 m2/s; all of which are in line with existing literature on water-soluble lignosulfonates. The data further suggested that the pendant alkyl chains were extended well into the paraffinic solvent. At last, bottle tests showed that the oil-soluble lignin was able to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsion stability was affected by the concentration of lignin or NaCl as well as the oil phase composition. Aromatic oils exhibited lower emulsion stability in comparison to the aliphatic oil. In conclusion, a new type of surfactant was synthesized and studied, which may contribute to developing green surfactants and novel approaches to valorize technical lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Ruwoldt
- RISE
PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6B, NO-7094 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berhane Handiso
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Amalie Solberg
- RISE
PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6B, NO-7094 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sébastien Simon
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Syverud
- RISE
PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6B, NO-7094 Trondheim, Norway
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Chique J, Uribe L, Pawlik M, Ramirez A, Gutierrez L. Foaming Properties of Lignosulfonates in the Flotation Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3575. [PMID: 37688200 PMCID: PMC10490146 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely used technology for the selective flotation of copper and molybdenite using sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) to depress copper sulfides creates environmental issues related to the potential emissions of toxic hydrosulfide gas (H2S) and bad odors. Previous studies showed that molybdenite flotation can be depressed by the action of lignosulfonates, but no significant progress has been made in studying the effect that these reagents have on the foaming/frothing phenomena in flotation. The objective of this work was to investigate the foaming properties of three samples of lignosulfonates through measurements of surface tension, foamability, bubble size distributions, and water recovery. A sugared sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS), a calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS), and a sample prepared by sulphomethylation of kraft lignin (KLS) were tested. It was found that all lignosulfonates displayed surface activity that decreased with pH and was related to the degree of anionicity and molecular weight. The NaLS lignosulfonate showed the highest dynamic foamability index (DFI) value, compared to that of the CaLS and KLS samples. The lignosulfonates tested in this study strongly affected bubble size. Water recovery tests performed using flotation experiments in a two-phase system showed that the KLS and NaLS samples had the strongest effect, which correlated with the surface tension, foamability, and bubble size results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Chique
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4040371, Chile; (J.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Lina Uribe
- Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), University of Concepcion, Concepción 4040371, Chile;
- Department of Mining Engineering, University of Talca, Talca 3480094, Chile
| | - Marek Pawlik
- N.B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Andres Ramirez
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4040371, Chile; (J.C.); (A.R.)
- Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), University of Concepcion, Concepción 4040371, Chile;
| | - Leopoldo Gutierrez
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4040371, Chile; (J.C.); (A.R.)
- Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), University of Concepcion, Concepción 4040371, Chile;
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Lugovitskaya T, Rogozhnikov D. Surface Phenomena with the Participation of Sulfite Lignin under Pressure Leaching of Sulfide Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5738-5751. [PMID: 37058586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Searching for surfactants which can eliminate the occluding effect of molten elemental sulfur formed in the process of leaching sulfide ores under pressure (autoclave leaching) is relevant. However, the choice and use of surfactants are complicated by the harsh conditions of the autoclave process, as well as the insufficient knowledge of surface phenomena in their presence. This paper presents a comprehensive study of interfacial phenomena (adsorption, wetting, and dispersion) involving surfactants (using lignosulfonates as an example) and zinc sulfide/concentrate/elemental sulfur under conditions simulating sulfuric acid leaching of ores under pressure. The influence of concentration (CLS 0.1-1.28 g/dm3), features of the molecular weight (M̅w, 9.250-46.300 Da) composition of lignosulfates, temperature (10-80 °C), addition of sulfuric acid (CH2SO4 0.2-10.0 g/dm3), and properties of solid-phase objects (surface charge, specific surface area, presence and diameter of pores) on surface phenomena at the liquid-gas and liquid-solid interfaces was revealed. It was found that with an increase in molecular weight and a decrease in the degree of sulfonation, the surface activity of lignosulfonates at the liquid-gas interface, as well as their wetting and dispersing activity with respect to zinc sulfide/concentrate increases. It has been found that an increase in temperature contributes to the compaction of the macromolecule of lignosulfonates, as a result of which their adsorption at the liquid-gas and liquid-solid interface in neutral media rises. It has been shown that the introduction of sulfuric acid into aqueous solutions increases the wetting, adsorption, and dispersing activity of lignosulfonates with respect to zinc sulfide. The latter is accompanied by a decrease in the contact angle θ (by 10 and 40°) and an increase in both the specific number of zinc sulfide particles (not less than 1.3-1.8 times) and the content of fractions with a size of -3.5 μm. It has been established that the functional effect of lignosulfonates under conditions simulating sulfuric acid autoclave leaching of ores is implemented through the adsorption-wedging mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Lugovitskaya
- Laboratory of Advanced Technologies in Non-Ferrous and Ferrous Metals Raw Materials Processing, Ural Federal State University Named After First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Institute of New Materials and Technologies, Mira St., 19, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Denis Rogozhnikov
- Laboratory of Advanced Technologies in Non-Ferrous and Ferrous Metals Raw Materials Processing, Ural Federal State University Named After First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Institute of New Materials and Technologies, Mira St., 19, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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Ruwoldt J, Tanase-Opedal M, Syverud K. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of Lignin Revisited: Exploring Solvents with Low Harmfulness, Lignin Purity, Hansen Solubility Parameter, and Determination of Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46371-46383. [PMID: 36570215 PMCID: PMC9773929 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we explored solvents with lower harmfulness than established systems for UV spectrophotometry of lignin. By measuring the absorptivity in DMSO solvent at 280 nm, the purity of the lignin samples was addressed and compared with Klason and acid-soluble lignin. The general trend was an increasing absorptivity with increasing lignin purity; however, considerable scattering was observed around the sample mean. The Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) of four technical lignins was furthermore determined. The model was in line with the UV measurements, as solvents closer in HSP correlated with a higher absorptivity. Ethylene glycol was identified as a good solvent for lignin with low UV-cutoff. In addition, mixtures of propylene carbonate, water, and ethanol showed good suitability and a low cutoff of 215 nm. While DMSO itself was poorly suited for recording alkali spectra, blending DMSO with water showed great potential. Comparing three methods for determining phenolic hydroxyl units by UV spectrophotometry showed some discrepancies between different procedures and solvents. It appeared that the calibrations established with lignin model compounds may not be fully representative of the lignin macromolecule. More importantly, the ionization difference spectra were highly affected by the solvent of choice, even when using what are considered "good" solvents. At last, a statistical comparison was made to identify the most suitable solvent and method, and the solvent systems were critically discussed. We thus conclude that several solvents were identified, which are less harmful than established systems, and that the solubility of lignin in these is a crucial point to address when conducting UV spectrophotometry.
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Effect of Divalent and Monovalent Salts on Interfacial Dilational Rheology of Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate Solutions. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the equilibrium surface tension (ST), critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the dilational viscoelasticity of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)-adsorbed layers in the presence of NaCl, KCl, LiCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 at 0.001–0.1 M salt concentration. The ST and surface dilational viscoelasticity were determined using bubble-shape analysis technique. To capture the complete profile of dilational viscoelastic properties of SDBS-adsorbed layers, experiments were conducted within a wide range of SDBS concentrations at a fixed oscillating frequency of 0.01 Hz. Salts were found to lower the ST and induce micellar formation at all concentrations. However, the addition of salts increased dilational viscoelastic modulus only at a certain range of SDBS concentration (below 0.01–0.02 mM SDBS). Above this concentration range, salts decreased dilational viscoelasticity due to the domination of the induced molecular exchange dampening the ST gradient. The dilational viscoelasticity of the salts of interest were in the order CaCl2 > MgCl2 > KCl > NaCl > LiCl. The charge density of ions was found as the corresponding factor for the higher impact of divalent ions compared to monovalent ions, while the impact of monovalent ions was assigned to the degree of matching in water affinities, and thereby the tendency for ion-pairing between SDBS head groups and monovalent ions.
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Dudek M, Ruwoldt J, Øye G. Characterization and assessment of wax and wax inhibitors systems in microfluidic oil-in-water coalescence experiments. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Salt effects on the dilational viscoelasticity of surfactant adsorption layers. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ruwoldt J, Øye G. Effect of Low-Molecular-Weight Alcohols on Emulsion Stabilization with Lignosulfonates. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30168-30175. [PMID: 33251451 PMCID: PMC7689891 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonates are biobased surfactants and specialty chemicals, which are described as water-soluble polyelectrolyte macromolecules that are generated during the sulfite pulping of lignocellulose biomass. Due to their amphiphilic nature, lignosulfonates have made their way into various applications, such as plasticizers, dispersants, and suspension or emulsion stabilizer. The stabilization efficiency for oil-in-water emulsions is affected, among other aspects, by the presence of alcohols. Low-molecular-weight alcohols can improve the performance of lignosulfonates; however, the effects of such additive have not yet been fully explored. In this article, we hence studied emulsion stability in dependence of alcohol concentration and other parameters, such as salinity. One or two regions of improved stability were found, which occurred at approximately 0.001-0.01 M alcohol in water, and in some cases additionally at 1-3 M. The four lignosulfonate samples responded distinctly to the alcohol additives. Little difference was found for varying lignosulfonate concentration or the alcohol type, that is, methanol, ethanol, or 2-propanol. Adding ethanol at high salinity (720 mM NaCl) showed a destabilizing effect. A decrease in interfacial tension was noted when adding 1 M ethanol or more, but the surface pressure of lignosulfonates decreased progressively at 0.3 M ethanol and above. These effects are counteracting, which could explain why increasing alcohol concentration would either enhance or impair stability. Overall, emulsion stability was affected by concentration effects and not cosurfactant action of the alcohols. Composition changes can influence the dielectric properties of the bulk solvent, further affecting the anionic functional groups, which was evidenced by alcohol addition affecting the lignosulfonates with lower hydrophobicity more strongly and by ethanol exhibiting the destabilizing effect at high salinity. In conclusion, adding low-molecular-weight alcohols may hence influence the behavior of lignosulfonates and render them more accessible for interactions with hydrophobic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Ruwoldt
- Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- RISE PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6B, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gisle Øye
- Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Simon S, Saadat M, Ruwoldt J, Dudek M, Ellis RJ, Øye G. Lignosulfonates in Crude Oil Processing: Interactions with Asphaltenes at the Oil/Water Interface and Screening of Potential Applications. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30189-30200. [PMID: 33251453 PMCID: PMC7689929 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to test the potential application of lignosulfonates (LSs) in crude oil production and processing. Three LS samples of varying hydrophobicity and average molecular weight were considered. First, the interfacial tension between brine and xylene and interfacial dilational rheology properties of LS samples were measured. It was found that the most surface-active LS sample has the lowest molecular weight in agreement with the results from the literature. In the presence of asphaltenes, all three LS samples were able to compete with asphaltenes, the most polar crude oil component, at the interface and form mixed LS-asphaltene interfaces. However, only the most surface-active LS sample among the three tested could fully desorb asphaltenes at the highest tested LS concentration (500 ppm). Second, three possible applications were screened. LSs were tested to prevent the formation of w/o crude oil emulsions or to break these. However, the opposite effect was observed, that is, stabilization of water-in-crude oil emulsions. The potential application of LS in produced water (PW) clarification was furthermore considered. The kinetics of PW clarification was found unaffected by the presence of LS, even at very high concentrations (1000 ppm). Finally, the potential of LS for enhanced oil recovery was assessed. The LS flood changed the surface wettability toward water wetness for one of the samples, yet LS injection did not recover additional oil beyond brine recovery. It was concluded that LS has interesting properties, such as the potential to compete with crude oil indigenous components at the oil/water interface. The stabilization action of LS was dominant over any destabilization effect, which led to the conclusion that LSs are more efficient for stabilizing emulsions rather than destabilizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Simon
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marzieh Saadat
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jost Ruwoldt
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- RISE
PFI AS, Høgskoleringen
6B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marcin Dudek
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Gisle Øye
- Ugelstad
Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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A Critical Review of the Physicochemical Properties of Lignosulfonates: Chemical Structure and Behavior in Aqueous Solution, at Surfaces and Interfaces. SURFACES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces3040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonates are bio-based surfactants and specialty chemicals, which are generated by breaking the near-infinite lignin network during sulfite pulping of wood. Due to their amphiphilic nature, lignosulfonates are used in manifold applications such as plasticizer, dispersant, and stabilizer formulations. Function and performance are determined by their behavior in aqueous solution and at surfaces and interfaces, which is in turn imposed by the chemical make-up. This review hence summarizes the efforts made into delineating the physicochemical properties of lignosulfonates, while also relating to their composition and structure. Lignosulfonates are randomly branched polyelectrolytes with abundant sulfonate and carboxylic acid groups to ensure water-solubility. In aqueous solution, their conformation, colloidal state, and adsorption at surfaces or interfaces can be affected by a range of parameters, such as pH, concentration of other electrolytes, temperature, and the presence of organic solvents. These parameters may also affect the adsorption behavior, which reportedly follows Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetics. The relative hydrophobicity, as determined by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, is an indicator that can help to relate composition and behavior of lignosulfonates. More hydrophobic materials have been found to exhibit a lower charge density. This may improve dispersion stabilization, but it can also be disadvantageous if an electrokinetic charge needs to be introduced at solid surfaces or if precipitation due to salting out is an issue. In addition, the monolignol composition, molecular weight distribution, and chemical modification may affect the physicochemical behavior of lignosulfonates. In conclusion, the properties of lignosulfonates can be tailored by controlling aspects such as the production parameters, fractionation, and by subsequent modification. Recent developments have spawned a magnitude of products and technologies, which is also reflected in the wide variety of possible application areas.
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