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Abdullah MS, Al-Lohedan HA, Faqihi NA, Al-Maswari BM. Efficient Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsion Using Novel Sugar-based Surfactant. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:32144-32152. [PMID: 39072075 PMCID: PMC11270713 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize ecofriendly and low-cost surfactant-based sugar, HA-ST, under mild conditions and a short route via an opening ring of hexadecylsuccinic anhydride (HA) using starch (ST). HA-ST's chemical structure, thermal behavior, and surface activity were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and a pendant drop technique. The results indicated HA-ST formation, thermal stability, and surface activity. HA-ST's green character, low cost, and surface activity recommended its use as a demulsifier for crude oil emulsions at different affecting parameters such as temperature, seawater ratio (SR), demulsifier concentration, demulsification time (DT), and pH. HA-ST demulsification efficiency (DE) was evaluated and compared with a commercial demulsifier (CD). The results showed improved HA-ST's DE with rising temperature, SR, demulsifier concentration, DT, and pH. The DE of HAST reached 100% at 50% of SR and 250 ppm of demulsifier concentration; the same results were obtained using CD. In contrast, HA-ST gave relatively lower DE at low SR (10%) with a value of 70% than the obtained using CD with a value of 75%. The green character, low cost, and DE of HA-ST make it suitable for demulsifying crude oil emulsions, especially those containing more than 30% seawater, compared with CD, which commonly contains two or more traditional surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood
M. S. Abdullah
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noorah A. Faqihi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Qu Q, Li H, Li S, Hu Z, Zhu M, Chen J, Sun X, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Mi Y, Yu W. Synthesis and demulsification mechanism of an ionic liquid with four hydrophobic branches and four ionic centers. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139802. [PMID: 37598952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Stable emulsions can have numerous negative impacts on both the oil industry and the environment. This study focuses on the synthesis of two ionic liquids (via. PPBD and PPBH) with four hydrophobic branches and four ionic centers that can effectively treat oil-water emulsions at a low temperature of 40 °C. Their chemical structure was explored using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectra (1H NMR). The effect of temperature, PPBD and PPBH concentration, oil-water ratio, salinity and pH value on the demulsification efficiency (DE) of W/O emulsion was studied detailly and several commercial demulsifiers were also used for comparison. Results revealed that by adding 250 mg/L of PPBH in an E30 emulsion and leaving it for 120 min at 40 °C, the DE could reach 96.34%. Meanwhile, in an E30 emulsion (oil-water mass ratio of 3:7) with 250 mg/L of PPBD, the DE of 95.23% could be obtained at 40 °C for 360 min. Especially, the DE of PPBH could reach 100% in an E70 emulsion (oil-water mass ratio of 7:3) at the same conditions. Additionally, the demulsifier (PPBH) exhibited excellent salt resistance and outperformed some commonly used commercial demulsifiers. Several methods were utilized to investigate the potential demulsification mechanism, including measuring interfacial tension (IFT), three-phase contact angle (CA), droplet contact time, zeta potential, and observing samples under optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, Research Institute of Exploration and Development of PetroChina Changqing Oil Field Company, Xi'an, 710001, PR China
| | - Shuman Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, Research Institute of Exploration and Development of PetroChina Changqing Oil Field Company, Xi'an, 710001, PR China
| | - Zhijie Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, Research Institute of Exploration and Development of PetroChina Changqing Oil Field Company, Xi'an, 710001, PR China
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan'an, 717500, PR China
| | - Junhong Chen
- The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan'an, 717500, PR China
| | - Xuebiao Sun
- The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan'an, 717500, PR China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Yuanzhu Mi
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China.
| | - Weichu Yu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China.
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Abdullah MM, Al-lohedan HA, Faqihi NA. Synthesis and Performance of Two New Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids for Demulsification of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22245-22255. [PMID: 37360479 PMCID: PMC10286286 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to synthesize and apply two novel amphiphilic ionic liquids (AILs) for the demulsification of water-in-crude oil (W/O) emulsions. To do that, 4-tetradecylaniline (TA) and 4-hexylamine (HA) were etherified using tetrethylene glycol (TEG) in the presence of bis(2- chloroethoxyethyl)ether (BE) as a cross-linker, yielding corresponding ethoxylated amines TTB and HTB. The obtained ethoxylated amines TTB and HTB were quaternized with acetic acid (AA), obtaining corresponding AILs TTB-AA and HTB-AA. The chemical structures, surface tension (ST), interfacial tension (IFT), and micelle size were investigated with various techniques. The performance of TTB-AA and HTB-AA to demulsify W/O emulsions was investigated using different influencing factors, including the demulsifier concentration, water content, salinity, and pH. Additionally, the obtained results were compared with a commercial demulsifier. The results indicated that the demulsification performance (DP) increased as the demulsifier concentration increased and the water content decreased; however, increased salinity slightly improved the DP. The data also showed that the highest DPs were achieved at a pH of 7, which suggested a change in the chemical structure of these AILs at a lower and higher pH due to their ionic structure. Furthermore, TTB-AA demonstrated higher DP than HTB-AA, which could be explained by its higher ability to reduce IFT due to a longer alkyl chain than that of HTB-AA. Furthermore, TTB-AA and HTB-AA showed significant DP compared to the commercial demulsifier especially with W/O emulsions at low water content.
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4
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Ngouangna E, Jaafar MZ, Norddin M, Agi A, Yakasai F, Oseh JO, Mamah SC, Yahya MN, Al-Ani M. Effect of Salinity on Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Mechanistic Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17819-17833. [PMID: 37251146 PMCID: PMC10210169 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluid-fluid interactions can affect any enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method, including nanofluid (NF) brine-water flooding. Flooding with NFs changes wettability and lowers oil-water interfacial tension (IFT). Preparation and modification affect the nanoparticle (NP) performance. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) NPs in EOR are yet to be properly verified. HAP was synthesized in this study using co-precipitation and in situ surface functionalization with sodium dodecyl sulfate in order to investigate its impact on EOR processes at high temperatures and different salinities. The following techniques were employed, in that sequence, to verify its synthesis: transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra. The outcomes showed the production of HAP, with the particles being evenly dispersed and stable in aqueous solution. The particles' surface charge increased from -5 to -27 mV when the pH was changed from 1 to 13. The HAP NFs at 0.1 wt % altered the wettability of sandstone core plugs from oil-wet at 111.7 to water-wet at 9.0 contact angles at salinity ranges of 5000 ppm to 30,000 ppm. Additionally, the IFT was reduced to 3 mN/m HAP with an incremental oil recovery of 17.9% of the initial oil in place. The HAP NF thus demonstrated excellent effectiveness in EOR through IFT reduction, wettability change, and oil displacement in both low and high salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene
N. Ngouangna
- Departmentii
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor
Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaidi Jaafar
- Departmentii
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor
Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute
for Oil and Gas (IFOG), Universiti Technology
Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Mnam Norddin
- Departmentii
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor
Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute
for Oil and Gas (IFOG), Universiti Technology
Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Augustine Agi
- Faculty
of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Pahang 68145, Malaysia
| | - Faruk Yakasai
- Departmentii
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor
Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey O. Oseh
- Departmentii
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor
Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri 460083, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Stanley C. Mamah
- Advanced
Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and
Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muftahu N. Yahya
- Departmentii
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor
Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Muhanad Al-Ani
- Departmentii
of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor
Bahru 81310, Malaysia
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Ye F, Shen L, Liu S, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Feng X, Tang Y, Xiang D, Mi Y, Yan X. Demulsification of amphiphilic gemini ionic liquids and its demulsification mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136650. [PMID: 36181854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to prepare two new amphiphilic and interfacial active gemini ionic liquids to treat crude oil and investigates its demulsification mechanism. Tetraethylene glycol was pretreated with thionyl chloride and used as a linker to connect succinimide or phthalimide, and then reacted with dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid to obtain the corresponding amphiphilic and interfacial active gemini ionic liquid STA or PTA, respectively. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the chemical structures. The demulsification tests showed the demulsification efficiency with 150 mg/L of STA or PTA at 60 °C for 30 min was 99.89% and 99.79%, respectively. Furthermore, the demulsification mechanism of STA and PTA were studied and the prominent demulsification ability of STA and PTA were attributed to the better interfacial activity and amphipathy which could destroy the asphaltenes interfacial film. These results showed that STA and PTA had excellent demulsification efficiency, which promised application in petroleum industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Liwei Shen
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Shi Liu
- Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co. Ltd., China National Petroleum Corporation, Chengdu, 610051, PR China
| | - Huanyu Liu
- The Shale Oil Development Department of Longdong Area, The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Qingyang, 750000, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Xuening Feng
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Yuanzhu Mi
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China.
| | - Xuemin Yan
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China.
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6
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Zaman H, Shah AUHA, Ali N, Zhou C, Khan A, Ali F, Tian CT, Bilal M. Magnetically recoverable poly (methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid)/iron oxide magnetic composites nanomaterials with hydrophilic wettability for efficient oil-water separation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115690. [PMID: 35834853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the environmental and production problems of emulsion, it is important to efficiently separate oil-water emulsion to meet the refinery requirement and clean up oil spills. Synthesis of a universal demulsifier is not an easy task because the physical properties of crude oil vary, which makes its characterization and demulsification procedure difficult. To overcome this problem, hydrophilic and magnetically recoverable poly (methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid)/iron oxide magnetic composite nanoparticles ((P(MMA-AA)/Fe3O4 NPs) were developed as an efficient and economical demulsifier via soap-free emulsion polymerization. To characterize the magnetic composite NPs for their appropriate surface morphology and magnetic domain, TEM, FTIR, VSM, and TGA analyses were carried out. The newly synthesized NPs displayed good hydrophilic properties as they migrated quickly to the aqueous emulsion phase, which was also reassured by their water contact angle of 75°. They exhibit strong magnetic characteristics (20 amu/g) in the oil-water emulsion, makings the hydrophilic wettability capable and attractive to the external magnet. Experimental results revealed that the prepared magnetic composite NPs separated 99% of the water from stable emulsion in 30 min and could be recycled 8 times through magnetic separation. The recycled magnetic composite NPs maintain their hydrophilic wettability and efficiency in separating oil-water emulsion, making them economical and commercially viable. The migration of magnetic composite NPs to the aqueous phase in the stable emulsion with a strong magnetic domain explains the coalescence of emulsified water droplets and their quick separation from the stable emulsions through the external magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Zaman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Ul Haq Ali Shah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Nisar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
| | - Cao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Chen Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
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Faqihi NA, M.S. Abdullah M, Al‐Lohedan HA, Almarhoon ZM, Mohammad F. Synthesis, characterization, and application of two new ionic liquids for the dehydration of heavy crude oil emulsions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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New Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids for the Demulsification of Water-in-Heavy Crude Oil Emulsion. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103238. [PMID: 35630715 PMCID: PMC9143342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to use abietic acid (AA), as a widely available natural product, as a precursor for the synthesis of two new amphiphilic ionic liquids (AILs) and apply them as effective demulsifiers for water-in-crude oil (W/O) emulsions. AA was esterified using tetraethylene glycol (TEG) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst obtaining the corresponding ester (AATG). AATG was reacted with 1-vinylimidazole (VIM) throughout the Diels–Alder reaction, forming the corresponding adduct (ATI). Following this, ATI was quaternized using alkyl iodides, ethyl iodide (EI), and hexyl iodide (HI) to obtain the corresponding AILs, ATEI-IL, and ATHI-IL, respectively. The chemical structure, surface activity, thermal stability, and relative solubility number (RSN) were investigated using different techniques. The efficiency of ATEI-IL and ATHI-IL to demulsify W/O emulsions in different crude oil: brine volumetric ratios were evaluated. ATEI-IL and ATHI-IL achieved promising results as demulsifiers. Their demulsification efficiency increased as the brine ratios decreased where their efficiency reached 100% at the crude oil: brine ratio (90:10), even at low concentrations.
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Novel Bio-Based Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids for the Efficient Demulsification of Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206119. [PMID: 34684699 PMCID: PMC8541561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been an increasing trend for the usage of natural products and their derivatives as green and renewable oil-filed chemicals. Use of these compounds or their derivatives contributes to reducing the use of traditional chemicals, and enhances green chemistry principles. Curcumin (CRC) is one of the most popular natural products and is widely available. The green character, antioxidant action, and low cost of CRC prompt its use in several applications. In the present study, Curcumin was used to synthesize two new amphiphilic ionic liquids (AILs) by reacting with 1,3-propanesultone or bromoacetic acid to produce corresponding sulfonic and carboxylic acids, CRC-PS and CRC-BA, respectively. Following this, the formed CRC-PS and CRC-BA were allowed to react with 12-(2-hydroxyethyl)-15-(4-nonylphenoxy)-3,6,9-trioxa-12-azapentadecane-1,14-diol (HNTA) to form corresponding AILs, GCP-IL and GRB-IL, respectively. The chemical structures, surface tension, interfacial tension, and relative solubility number (RSN) of the synthesized AILs were investigated. The efficiency of GCP-IL and GRB-IL to demulsify water in heavy crude oil (W/O) emulsions was also investigated, where we observed that both GCP-IL and GRB-IL served as high-efficiency demulsifiers and the efficiency increased with a decreased ratio of water in W/O emulsion. Moreover, the data showed an increased efficiency of these AILs with an increased concentration. Among the two AILs, under testing conditions, GCP-IL exhibited a higher efficiency, shorter demulsification time, and cleaner demulsified water.
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