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Yang S, Cui Y, Liu Z, Peng C, Sun S, Yang J, Wang M. Performance of a polymerization-based electrochemically assisted persulfate process on a real coking wastewater treatment. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 146:149-162. [PMID: 38969443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater should be treated with caution due to its potential environmental risks. In this study, a polymerization-based cathode/Fe3+/peroxydisulfate (PDS) process was employed for the first time to treat a raw coking wastewater, which can achieve simultaneous organics abatement and recovery by converting organic contaminants into separable solid organic-polymers. The results confirm that several dominant organic contaminants in coking wastewater such as phenol, cresols, quinoline and indole can be induced to polymerize by self-coupling or cross-coupling. The total chemical oxygen demand (COD) abatement from coking wastewater is 46.8% and the separable organic-polymer formed from organic contaminants accounts for 62.8% of the abated COD. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) abatement of 41.9% is achieved with about 89% less PDS consumption than conventional degradation-based process. Operating conditions such as PDS concentration, Fe3+ concentration and current density can affect the COD/DOC abatement and organic-polymer yield by regulating the generation of reactive radicals. ESI-MS result shows that some organic-polymers are substituted by inorganic ions such as Cl-, Br-, I-, NH4+, SCN- and CN-, suggesting that these inorganic ions may be involved in the polymerization. The specific consumption of this coking wastewater treatment is 27 kWh/kg COD and 95 kWh/kg DOC. The values are much lower than those of the degradation-based processes in treating the same coking wastewater, and also are lower than those of most processes previously reported for coking wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiqin Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuhong Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland.
| | - Chao Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shiquan Sun
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Gong Z, Huang M, Wang C, Wang Z, Oh WD, Wu X, Zhou T. Fenton-conditioning of landfill leachate biological sludge enables biochar for efficient Cr(Ⅵ)removal: Occurrence of oxygen-centered free radicals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:122070. [PMID: 39098068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Fenton-conditioning is commonly used to improve dewatering ability for municipal biological sludge, however, its application in industries is scarce. In this study, biochar (FT-BC) was successfully synthesized from a Fenton-conditioned landfill leachate biological sludge under oxygen-limited. As compared to the corresponding blank and poly ferric-pretreated biochars (BC and PF-BC), moderate Fenton conditioning of the sludge could enable good removal performance for Cr (Ⅵ) by FT-BC. It was found that the oxygen central free radicals (OCFRs) on the biochar surface was intensively promoted due to Fenton electrophilic addition of ·OH onto the oxygen-containing functional groups in biomass. The amounts of OCFRs correlated positively well with the removal efficiency, indicating these persistent free radicals (PFRs)would mainly responsible for the reductive immobilization of Cr(VI)on the FT-BC surface. This study is expected to provide a new method for reclamation of industrial biological sludges with poor agglomeration by introducing simple Fenton pre-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zupeng Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Mingjie Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Zimeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Wen-da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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Dong J, Chen Z, Han F, Hu D, Ge H, Jiang B, Yan J, Zhuang S, Wang Y, Cui S, Liang Z. Performance of a novel up-flow electrocatalytic hydrolysis acidification reactor (UEHAR) coupled with anoxic/oxic system for treating coking wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121670. [PMID: 38723347 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of a novel up-flow electrocatalytic hydrolytic acidification reactor (UEHAR) and anoxic/oxic (ANO2/O2) combined system (S2) was compared with that of a traditional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (ANA/ANO1/O1) system (S1) for treating coking wastewater at different hydraulic retention time (HRT). The effluent non-compliance rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of S2 were 45 %, 35 %, 25 % and 55 % lower than S1 with HRT of 94, 76, 65 and 54 h. The removal efficiency of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in S2 was 10.6 ± 2.4 % higher than that in S1. The effluent concentration of volatile phenolic compounds (VPs) in S2 was lower than 0.3 mg/L. The dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of O2 were enhanced by 67.2 ± 26.3 % and 40.6 ± 14.2 % compared with O1, respectively. Moreover, COD was used to reflect the mineralization index of organic matter, and the positive correlation between COD removal rate and microbial activity, VPs, and BTEX was determined. These results indicated that S2 had extraordinary microbial activity, stable pollutant removal ability, and transcendental effluent compliance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Fei Han
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Dongxue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jitao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Shuya Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Shiming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Zhibo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe Road West, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, China
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Sun Y, Wu Q, Li X, Sun W, Zhou J, Shah KJ. Preparation of composite coagulant for the removal of microplastics in water. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10969. [PMID: 38148739 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a composite flocculant (polyferric titanium sulfate-polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride [PFTS-PDMDAAC]) with a rich spatial network structure was prepared for the treatment of simulated wastewater containing polystyrene (PS) micro-nanoparticles. Characterization results showed that the surface of the PFTS-PDMDAAC was a three-dimensional network polymer of chain molecules that exhibited good thermal stability and formed an amorphous polymer containing multiply hydroxyl-bridged titanium and iron. When n(OH- ) : n(Fe) = 1:2, n(PO4 3- ) : n(Fe) = 0.35, n(Ti) : n(Fe) = 1:8, n(DMDAAC) : n(Fe) = 5:100, and the polymerization temperature is 60°C, the prepared composite flocculant has the best effect. The effects of dosage, pH, and agitation intensity on the flocculation properties of PFTS-PDMDAAC were also studied. The optimal removal rates of PS-μm and haze by PFTS-PDMDAAC were 85.60% and 90.10%, respectively, at a stirring intensity of 200 rpm, a pH of 9.0, and a PFTS-PDMDAAC dosage of 20 mg/L. The flocs produced by the PFTS-PDMDAAC flocculation were large and compact in structure, and the flocculation mechanism was mainly based on adsorption bridging. Kaolin played a promoting role in the process of PS-μm removal by PFTS-PDMDAAC floc and accelerated the formation of large and dense flocs. This study provided a reference for the coagulation method to remove micro-nanopollutants in the actual water treatment process. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A composite flocculant with rich spatial network structure (PFTS-PDMDAAC) was prepared. PFTS-PDMDAAC can effectively remove micro-nano polystyrene (PS) in wastewater. The floc produced by PFTS-PDMDAAC is large and compact in structure. The flocculation mechanism of PFTS-PDMDAAC is mainly adsorption bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sun
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qu Wu
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenquan Sun
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kinjal J Shah
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Wang J, Chang F, Zheng M. Advanced Treatment of Coking Wastewater by Polyaluminum Silicate Sulfate for Organic Compounds Removal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6342. [PMID: 37510575 PMCID: PMC10378838 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Coking wastewater is a typical high-strength organic wastewater, for which it is difficult to meet discharging standards with a single biological treatment. In this study, effective advanced treatment of coking wastewater was achieved by coagulation with freshly prepared polyaluminum silicate sulfate (PASS). The performance advantage was determined through comparison with commercial coagulants including ferric chloride, polyferric sulfate, aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride. Both single-factor and Taguchi experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for coagulation with CODCr and UV254 as indicators. A dosage of 7 mmol/L PASS, flocculation velocity of 75 r/min, flocculation time of 30 min, pH of 7, and temperature of 20 °C could decrease the CODCr concentration from 196.67 mg/L to 59.94 mg/L. Enhanced coagulation could further help to remove the organic compounds, including pre-oxidation with ozonation, adsorption with activated carbon, assistant coagulation with polyacrylamide and secondary coagulation. UV spectrum scanning and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the coagulation process effectively removed the majority of organic compounds, especially the high molecular weight alkanes and heterocyclic compounds. Coagulation with PASS provides an effective alternative for the advanced treatment of coking wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Wang
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Fang Chang
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Maosheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Tian Y, Wang H, Xu G, Tu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liang Y, Li A, Xie X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Xie X. Novel covalently bound organic silicon-ferrum hybrid coagulant with excellent coagulation performance and bacteriostatic ability. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Shi C, Wang Q, Li D, Zeng B, Liu Q, Cui Y, Wang J, Wang X. Inorganic composite coagulant for wool scouring wastewater treatment: performance, kinetics and coagulation mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Zainudin NF, Sam ST, Wong YS, Ismail H, Walli S, Inoue K, Kawamura G, Tan WK. Degradation of Diazo Congo Red Dye by Using Synthesized Poly-Ferric-Silicate-Sulphate through Co-Polymerization Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:237. [PMID: 36616587 PMCID: PMC9824507 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of poly-ferric-silicate-sulphate (PFSS) synthesized via a co-polymerization process has been applied for the removal of diazo Congo red dye. A novel degradation pathway of diazo Congo red dye by using PFSS is proposed based on LC-MS analysis. Diazo Congo red dye was successfully removed using synthesized PFSS at lower coagulant dosages and a wider pH range, i.e., 9 mg/L from pH 5 to 7, 11 mg/L at pH 9, and 50 mg/L at pH 11. The azo bond cleavage was verified by the UV-Vis spectra of diazo Congo red-loaded PFSS and FTIR spectra which showed disappearance of the peak at 1584 cm-1 for -N=N- stretching vibrations. The synchronized results of UV-Vis spectra, FTIR, and the LC-MS analysis in this study confirmed the significance of the Si and Fe bond in PFSS towards the degradation of diazo Congo red dye. The successfully synthesized PFSS coagulant was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM, and HRTEM analysis. From this analysis, it was proven that PFSS is a polycrystalline material which is favorable for the coagulation-flocculation process. Based on all these findings, it was established that synthesized PFSS can be employed as a highly efficient polymeric coagulant for the removal of dye from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fauziah Zainudin
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sung Ting Sam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee Shian Wong
- Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ismail
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Saparu Walli
- Frutania Industry Sdn. Bhd., Lot 1 & 2, Kawasan Industri MARA Jejawi, Jalan Kangar-Arau, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Kazuki Inoue
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Go Kawamura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Wai Kian Tan
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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Feng N, Wang G, Kang X, Hu T, Wu H, Xie J. Treatment of organic pollutants in coke plant wastewater by micro-nanometer catalytic ozonation, A/A/O and reverse osmosis membrane. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:1629-1641. [PMID: 36240300 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coking wastewater has a complex and highly concentrated chemical composition which is toxic and does not biodegrade easily. Treating the organic pollutants in this wastewater is very challenging. The toxic substances in this wastewater make traditional biotechnological treatments inefficient. Current wastewater treatment studies are based on unit processes, and no full process studies could be found. This study used the micro-nanometer catalytic ozonation process as a pretreatment unit, and reverse osmosis membrane treatment as a depth processing unit to improve the effect of the coking wastewater degradation. The micro-nanometer catalytic ozonation pretreatment greatly improves the biodegradability of the coking wastewater and promotes the coking wastewater degradation in the anoxia/anaerobic/oxic (A/A/O) system. The integrated coagulation air flotation-micro-nanometer catalytic ozonation-A/A/O-reverse osmosis membrane system can remove 98% of the chemical oxygen demand, which meets the direct emission standard of the new national standard (China). The dominant genera in the A/A/O biochemical reactor were Thioalkalimicrobium, Proteiniphilum, Azoarcu, Bacillus, Fontibacter, and Taibaiella. This work provides a novel approach for the degradation of high-concentration organic wastewater and lays a solid foundation for the restoration of environmental water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Feng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xinke Kang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
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