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A Selection of Platforms to Evaluate Surface Adhesion and Biofilm Formation in Controlled Hydrodynamic Conditions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091993. [PMID: 34576888 PMCID: PMC8468346 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early colonization of surfaces and subsequent biofilm development have severe impacts in environmental, industrial, and biomedical settings since they entail high costs and health risks. To develop more effective biofilm control strategies, there is a need to obtain laboratory biofilms that resemble those found in natural or man-made settings. Since microbial adhesion and biofilm formation are strongly affected by hydrodynamics, the knowledge of flow characteristics in different marine, food processing, and medical device locations is essential. Once the hydrodynamic conditions are known, platforms for cell adhesion and biofilm formation should be selected and operated, in order to obtain reproducible biofilms that mimic those found in target scenarios. This review focuses on the most widely used platforms that enable the study of initial microbial adhesion and biofilm formation under controlled hydrodynamic conditions—modified Robbins devices, flow chambers, rotating biofilm devices, microplates, and microfluidic devices—and where numerical simulations have been used to define relevant flow characteristics, namely the shear stress and shear rate.
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Beitner D, Polishchuk I, Asulin E, Pokroy B. Modifying hydrophilic properties of polyurethane acryl paint substrates by atomic layer deposition and self-assembled monolayers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34333-34343. [PMID: 35514427 PMCID: PMC9056775 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06539k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A process of atomic layer deposition (ALD) combined with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was used to investigate the possible modification of the wetting properties of polyurethane (PUR) paint surfaces without altering their original hue. First, we used an ALD process to produce thin and uniform Al2O3 coatings of these surfaces at temperatures as low as 80 °C. We then successfully achieved the addition of 16-phosphono-hexadecanoic acid (16-PHA) SAMs to the Al2O3-coated paint samples. Given initial hydrophobicity, which however was not stable over time, Al2O3 coatings reduced the contact angle of the PUR surfaces from 110 to 10°. Addition of SAMs on the Al2O3 coatings induced a sustained reduction in their contact angles to 60–70°, and aging of the samples revealed a further decrease to 25–40°. Testing of the Al2O3/16-PHA coating in a Weather-Ometer (WOM) revealed its durability even under harsh outdoor conditions. These experimental results show that by combining ALD with SAMs it is possible to produce durable coatings with modified hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties that are stable over time. The use of SAMs with different end-groups may allow fine-tuning of the coating's wetting properties. A process of atomic layer deposition (ALD) combined with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was used to investigate the possible modification of polyurethane (PUR) paint surface wetting properties without altering their original hue.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beitner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel +972-4-8294584.,Department of Materials Engineering, Ministry of Defense Tel Aviv Israel
| | - I Polishchuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel +972-4-8294584
| | - E Asulin
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ministry of Defense Tel Aviv Israel
| | - B Pokroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel +972-4-8294584
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Çaykara T, Sande MG, Azoia N, Rodrigues LR, Silva CJ. Exploring the potential of polyethylene terephthalate in the design of antibacterial surfaces. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:363-372. [PMID: 32037497 PMCID: PMC7248016 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most used polymeric materials in the health care sector mainly due to its advantages that include biocompatibility, high uniformity, mechanical strength and resistance against chemicals and/or abrasion. However, avoiding bacterial contamination on PET is still an unsolved challenge and two main strategies are being explored to overcome this drawback: the anti-adhesive and biocidal modification of PET surface. While bacterial adhesion depends on several surface properties namely surface charge and energy, hydrophilicity and surface roughness, a biocidal effect can be obtained by antimicrobial compounds attached to the surface to inhibit the growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic) or kill bacteria (bactericidal). Therefore, it is well known that granting antibacterial properties to PET surface would be beneficial in the prevention of infectious diseases. Different modification methods have been reported for such purpose. This review addresses some of the strategies that have been attempted to prevent or reduce the bacterial contamination on PET surfaces, including functionalisation, grafting, topographical surface modification and coating. Those strategies, particularly the grafting method seems to be very promising for healthcare applications to prevent infectious diseases and the emergence of bacteria resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugçe Çaykara
- CENTI-Center for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita 278, 4760-034, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria G Sande
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Azoia
- CENTI-Center for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita 278, 4760-034, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Ligia R Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla Joana Silva
- CENTI-Center for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita 278, 4760-034, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal.
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Trimukhe AM, Pandiyaraj KN, Tripathi A, Melo JS, Deshmukh RR. Plasma Surface Modification of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3328-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Endo T, Reddy L, Nishikawa H, Kaneko S, Nakamura Y, Endo K. Composite Engineering – Direct Bonding of plastic PET Films by Plasma Irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bacterial growth, detachment and cell size control on polyethylene terephthalate surfaces. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15159. [PMID: 26464114 PMCID: PMC4604555 DOI: 10.1038/srep15159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In medicine and food industry, bacterial colonisation on surfaces is a common cause of infections and severe illnesses. However, the detailed quantitative information about the dynamics and the mechanisms involved in bacterial proliferation on solid substrates is still lacking. In this study we investigated the adhesion and detachment, the individual growth and colonisation, and the cell size control of Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG1655 on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) surfaces. The results show that the bacterial growth curve on PET exhibits the distinct lag and log phases, but the generation time is more than twice longer than in bulk medium. Single cells in the lag phase are more likely to detach than clustered ones in the log phase; clustered bacteria in micro-colonies have stronger adhesive bonds with surfaces and their neighbours with the progressing colonisation. We show that the cell size is under the density-dependent pathway control: when the adherent cells are at low density, the culture medium is responsible for coordinating cell division and cell size; when the clustered cells are at high population density, we demonstrate that the effect of quorum sensing causes the cell size decrease as the cell density on surfaces increases.
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Moreira J, Ponmozhi J, Campos J, Miranda J, Mergulhão F. Micro- and macro-flow systems to study Escherichia coli adhesion to biomedical materials. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Moreira JMR, Simões M, Melo LF, Mergulhão FJ. Escherichia coli adhesion to surfaces–a thermodynamic assessment. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Perni S, Preedy EC, Prokopovich P. Success and failure of colloidal approaches in adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 206:265-74. [PMID: 24342736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of cells attached to surfaces, their contributions to biological process may be either a benefit or a threat depending on the microorganism involved and on the type of substrate and environment. Biofilm formation is a complex series of steps; due to the size of microorganisms, the initial phase of biofilm formation, the bacterial adhesion to the surface, has been studied and modeled using theories developed in colloidal science. In this review the application of approaches such as Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, Overbeek (DLVO) theory and its extended version (xDLVO), to bacterial adhesion is described along with the suitability and applicability of such approaches to the investigation of the interface phenomena regulating cells adhesion. A further refinement of the xDLVO theory encompassing the brush model is also discussed. Finally, the evidences of phenomena neglected in colloidal approaches, such as surface heterogeneity and fluid flow, likely to be the source of failure are defined.
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Xu LC, Siedlecki CA. Staphylococcus epidermidis
adhesion on hydrophobic and hydrophilic textured biomaterial surfaces. Biomed Mater 2014; 9:035003. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/9/3/035003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Rizzello L, Cingolani R, Pompa PP. Nanotechnology tools for antibacterial materials. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:807-21. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the interactions between biological systems and nanoengineered devices is crucial in several research fields, including tissue engineering, biomechanics, synthetic biology and biomedical devices. This review discusses the current knowledge of the interactions between bacteria and abiotic nanostructured substrates. First, the effects of randomly organized nanoscale topography on bacterial adhesion and persistence are described. Second, the interactions between microorganisms and highly organized/ordered micro- and nano-patterns are discussed. Finally, we survey the most promising approaches for the fabrication of silver polymeric nanocomposites, which have important applications as antimicrobial materials. The advantages, drawbacks and limitations of such nanotechnologies are critically discussed in view of potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Rizzello
- Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 1-73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy
| | - Roberto Cingolani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Central Research Laboratories, Via Morego, 30-16136 Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 1-73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy.
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Edy R, Huang X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Shi J. Influence of argon plasma on the deposition of Al2O3 film onto the PET surfaces by atomic layer deposition. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:79. [PMID: 23413804 PMCID: PMC3608948 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) films with and without plasma pretreatment were modified by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (PA-ALD). It demonstrates that the Al2O3 films are successfully deposited onto the surface of PET films. The cracks formed on the deposited Al2O3 films in the ALD, plasma pretreated ALD, and PA-ALD were attributed to the energetic ion bombardment in plasmas. The surface wettability in terms of water contact angle shows that the deposited Al2O3 layer can enhance the wetting property of modified PET surface. Further characterizations of the Al2O3 films suggest that the elevated density of hydroxyl -OH group improve the initial growth of ALD deposition. Chemical composition of the Al2O3-coated PET film was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which shows that the content of C 1s reduces with the growing of O 1s in the Al2O3-coated PET films, and the introduction of plasma in the ALD process helps the normal growth of Al2O3 on PET in PA-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyanto Edy
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiang Huang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
- Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
- Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
- Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Shi
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
- Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Crawford RJ, Webb HK, Truong VK, Hasan J, Ivanova EP. Surface topographical factors influencing bacterial attachment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 179-182:142-9. [PMID: 22841530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substratum surface roughness is known to be one of the key factors in determining the extent of bacterial colonization. Understanding the way by which the substratum topography, especially at the nanoscale, mediates bacterial attachment remains ambiguous at best, despite the volume of work available on the topic. This is because the vast majority of bacterial attachment studies do not perform comprehensive topographical characterization analyses, and typically consider roughness parameters that describe only one aspect of the surface topography. The most commonly reported surface roughness parameters are average and root mean square (RMS) roughness (R(a) and R(q) respectively), which are both measures of the typical height variation of the surface. They offer no insights into the spatial distribution or shape of the surface features. Here, a brief overview of the current state of research on topography-mediated bacterial adhesion is presented, as well as an outline of the suite of roughness characterization parameters that are available for the comprehensive description of the surface architecture of a substratum. Finally, a set of topographical parameters is proposed as a new standard for surface roughness characterization in bacterial adhesion studies to improve the likelihood of identifying direct relationships between substratum topography and the extent of bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Crawford
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Grenho L, Manso MC, Monteiro FJ, Ferraz MP. Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa onto nanohydroxyapatite as a bone regeneration material. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1823-30. [PMID: 22489063 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In orthopedics due to the enormous number of surgical procedures involving invasive implant biomaterials, infections have a huge impact in terms of morbidity, mortality, and medical costs. In this study the initial adhesion of several strains namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to nanohydroxyapatite, previously heat-treated at 725 °C and 1000 °C was assessed. Adherent cells were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy and as colony forming units after being released by sonication. The wettability and roughness of samples surfaces were assessed by contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Nanohydroxyapatite heat-treated at 1000 °C appeared to be more resistant to bacterial adhesion, over time, in five of the six tested strains while the clinical strains isolated from orthopedic infections presented superior ability to adhere, as well as better capacity to produce slime. The increase in materials sintering temperature resulted in increased hydrophobicity and roughness; however, other surface features such as the decrease in surface area and on porosity as well as the decrease on zeta potential may be the aspects that contributed to a lower bacterial adhesion on the materials sintered at 1000 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grenho
- INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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Yang WJ, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Lee SSC, Teo SLM, Rittschof D. Functional polymer brushes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical graft polymerization for combating marine biofouling. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:895-912. [PMID: 22963034 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.719895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dense and uniform polymer brush coatings were developed to combat marine biofouling. Nonionic hydrophilic, nonionic hydrophobic, cationic, anionic and zwitterionic polymer brush coatings were synthesized via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride, 4-styrenesulfonic acid sodium and N,N'-dimethyl-(methylmethacryloyl ethyl) ammonium propanesulfonate, respectively. The functionalized surfaces had different efficacies in preventing adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA), adhesion of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas sp. NCIMB 2021 and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and settlement of cyprids of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (=Balanus amphitrite). The nonionic hydrophilic, anionic and zwitterionic polymer brushes resisted BSA adsorption during a 2 h exposure period. The nonionic hydrophilic, cationic and zwitterionic brushes exhibited resistance to bacterial fouling (24 h exposure) and cyprid settlement (24 and 48 h incubation). The hydrophobic brushes moderately reduced protein adsorption, and bacteria and cyprid settlement. The anionic brushes were least effective in preventing attachment of bacteria and barnacle cyprids. Thus, the best approach to combat biofouling involves a combination of nonionic hydrophilic and zwitterionic polymer brush coatings on material surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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Petrone L, Di Fino A, Aldred N, Sukkaew P, Ederth T, Clare AS, Liedberg B. Effects of surface charge and Gibbs surface energy on the settlement behaviour of barnacle cyprids (Balanus amphitrite). BIOFOULING 2011; 27:1043-1055. [PMID: 22043823 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.625474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gibbs surface energy has long been considered to be an important parameter in the design of fouling-resistant surfaces for marine applications. Rigorous testing of the hypothesis that settlement is related to Gibbs surface energy however has never been accomplished, due mainly to practical limitations imposed by the necessary combination of surface engineering and biological evaluation methods. In this article, the effects of surface charge and Gibbs surface energy on the settlement of cyprids of an important fouling barnacle, Balanus amphitrite, were evaluated. Settlement assays were conducted on a range of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) (CH(3)-, OH-, COOH-, N(CH(3))(3) (+)-, NH(2)-terminated), presented in gold-coated polystyrene well plates, varying in terms of their surface charge and Gibbs surface energy. Contrary to contemporary theory, settlement was not increased by high-energy surfaces, rather the opposite was found to be the case with cyprids settling in greater numbers on a low-energy CH(3)- SAM compared to a high-energy OH- SAM. Settlement was also greater on negatively-charged SAMs, compared to neutral and positively-charged SAMs. These findings are discussed in the context of data drawn from surfaces that varied in multiple characteristics simultaneously, as have been used previously for such experiments. The finding that surface charge, rather than total surface energy, may be responsible for surface selection by cyprids, will have significant implications for the design of future fouling-resistant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Petrone
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping , SE-581 83, Sweden
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Singh AV, Vyas V, Patil R, Sharma V, Scopelliti PE, Bongiorno G, Podestà A, Lenardi C, Gade WN, Milani P. Quantitative characterization of the influence of the nanoscale morphology of nanostructured surfaces on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25029. [PMID: 21966403 PMCID: PMC3180288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of implants and prosthetic devices is one of the most common causes of implant failure. The nanostructured surface of biocompatible materials strongly influences the adhesion and proliferation of mammalian cells on solid substrates. The observation of this phenomenon has led to an increased effort to develop new strategies to prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, primarily through nanoengineering the topology of the materials used in implantable devices. While several studies have demonstrated the influence of nanoscale surface morphology on prokaryotic cell attachment, none have provided a quantitative understanding of this phenomenon. Using supersonic cluster beam deposition, we produced nanostructured titania thin films with controlled and reproducible nanoscale morphology respectively. We characterized the surface morphology; composition and wettability by means of atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. We studied how protein adsorption is influenced by the physico-chemical surface parameters. Lastly, we characterized Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion on nanostructured titania surfaces. Our results show that the increase in surface pore aspect ratio and volume, related to the increase of surface roughness, improves protein adsorption, which in turn downplays bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. As roughness increases up to about 20 nm, bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation are enhanced; the further increase of roughness causes a significant decrease of bacterial adhesion and inhibits biofilm formation. We interpret the observed trend in bacterial adhesion as the combined effect of passivation and flattening effects induced by morphology-dependent protein adsorption. Our findings demonstrate that bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on nanostructured titanium oxide surfaces are significantly influenced by nanoscale morphological features. The quantitative information, provided by this study about the relation between surface nanoscale morphology and bacterial adhesion points towards the rational design of implant surfaces that control or inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vikram Singh
- European School of Molecular Medicine (SEMM), IFOM-IEO, Milan, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA), Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Varun Vyas
- European School of Molecular Medicine (SEMM), IFOM-IEO, Milan, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA), Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganesh Khind, Pune, India
| | - Vimal Sharma
- European School of Molecular Medicine (SEMM), IFOM-IEO, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Emanuele Scopelliti
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA), Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Podestà
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA), Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA), Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | - Wasudev Namdev Gade
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganesh Khind, Pune, India
- * E-mail: (PM); (WNG)
| | - Paolo Milani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA), Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (PM); (WNG)
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Parreira P, Magalhães A, Gonçalves IC, Gomes J, Vidal R, Reis CA, Leckband DE, Martins MCL. Effect of surface chemistry on bacterial adhesion, viability, and morphology. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 99:344-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bazaka K, Jacob MV, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Plasma-assisted surface modification of organic biopolymers to prevent bacterial attachment. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2015-28. [PMID: 21194574 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite many synthetic biomaterials having physical properties that are comparable or even superior to those of natural body tissues, they frequently fail due to the adverse physiological reactions they cause within the human body, such as infection and inflammation. The surface modification of biomaterials is an economical and effective method by which biocompatibility and biofunctionality can be achieved while preserving the favorable bulk characteristics of the biomaterial, such as strength and inertness. Amongst the numerous surface modification techniques available, plasma surface modification affords device manufacturers a flexible and environmentally friendly process that enables tailoring of the surface morphology, structure, composition, and properties of the material to a specific need. There are a vast range of possible applications of plasma modification in biomaterial applications, however, the focus of this review paper is on processes that can be used to develop surface morphologies and chemical structures for the prevention of adhesion and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria on the surfaces of in-dwelling medical devices. As such, the fundamental principles of bacterial cell attachment and biofilm formation are also discussed. Functional organic plasma polymerised coatings are also discussed for their potential as biosensitive interfaces, connecting inorganic/metallic electronic devices with their physiological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Bazaka
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Soininen A, Levon J, Katsikogianni M, Myllymaa K, Lappalainen R, Konttinen YT, Kinnari TJ, Tiainen VM, Missirlis Y. In vitro adhesion of staphylococci to diamond-like carbon polymer hybrids under dynamic flow conditions. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:629-636. [PMID: 21243516 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the ability of selected materials to inhibit adhesion of two bacterial strains commonly implicated in implant-related infections. These two strains are Staphylococcus aureus (S-15981) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 35984). In experiments we tested six different materials, three conventional implant metals: titanium, tantalum and chromium, and three diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings: DLC, DLC-polydimethylsiloxane hybrid (DLC-PDMS-h) and DLC-polytetrafluoroethylene hybrid (DLC-PTFE-h) coatings. DLC coating represents extremely hard material whereas DLC hybrids represent novel nanocomposite coatings. The two DLC polymer hybrid films were chosen for testing due to their hardness, corrosion resistance and extremely good non-stick (hydrophobic and oleophobic) properties. Bacterial adhesion assay tests were performed under dynamic flow conditions by using parallel plate flow chambers (PPFC). The results show that adhesion of S. aureus to DLC-PTFE-h and to tantalum was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than to DLC-PDMS-h (0.671 ± 0.001 × 10(7)/cm(2) and 0.751 ± 0.002 × 10(7)/cm(2) vs. 1.055 ± 0.002 × 10(7)/cm(2), respectively). No significant differences were detected between other tested materials. Hence DLC-PTFE-h coating showed as low susceptibility to S. aureus adhesion as all the tested conventional implant metals. The adherence of S. epidermidis to biomaterials was not significantly (P < 0.05) different between the materials tested. This suggests that DLC-PTFE-h films could be used as a biomaterial coating without increasing the risk of implant-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Soininen
- ORTON Research Institute of the ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital, Tenholantie 10, 00280, Helsinki, Finland.
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Anselme K, Davidson P, Popa A, Giazzon M, Liley M, Ploux L. The interaction of cells and bacteria with surfaces structured at the nanometre scale. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3824-46. [PMID: 20371386 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current development of nanobiotechnologies requires a better understanding of cell-surface interactions on the nanometre scale. Recently, advances in nanoscale patterning and detection have allowed the fabrication of appropriate substrates and the study of cell-substrate interactions. In this review we discuss the methods currently available for nanoscale patterning and their merits, as well as techniques for controlling the surface chemistry of materials at the nanoscale without changing the nanotopography and the possibility of truly characterizing the surface chemistry at the nanoscale. We then discuss the current knowledge of how a cell can interact with a substrate at the nanoscale and the effect of size, morphology, organization and separation of nanofeatures on cell response. Moreover, cell-substrate interactions are mediated by the presence of proteins adsorbed from biological fluids on the substrate. Many questions remain on the effect of nanotopography on protein adsorption. We review papers related to this point. As all these parameters have an influence on cell response, it is important to develop specific studies to point out their relative influence, as well as the biological mechanisms underlying cell responses to nanotopography. This will be the basis for future research in this field. An important topic in tissue engineering is the effect of nanoscale topography on bacteria, since cells have to compete with bacteria in many environments. The limited current knowledge of this topic is also discussed in the light of using topography to encourage cell adhesion while limiting bacterial adhesion. We also discuss current and prospective applications of cell-surface interactions on the nanoscale. Finally, based on questions raised previously that remain to be solved in the field, we propose future directions of research in materials science to help elucidate the relative influence of the physical and chemical aspects of nanotopography on bacteria and cell response with the aim of contributing to the development of nanobiotechnologies.
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Katsikogianni MG, Missirlis YF. Bacterial adhesion onto materials with specific surface chemistries under flow conditions. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:963-968. [PMID: 20044774 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion onto materials with specific chemical functionalities, under flow, was investigated by using surfaces prepared by self-assembly of alkyl silane monolayers on glass. Terminal methyl (CH(3)) and amino (NH(2)) groups were formed by chemical vapor deposition of silanes, at elevated temperature. Carboxyl (COOH) terminated groups were prepared by further modification of NH(2) groups with succide anhydride and positively charged NH(2) groups by adsorption of poly-L: -lysine hydrobromide. Hydroxyl (OH) terminated glass was used as control. Surface modification was verified by contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A parallel plate flow chamber was used to evaluate bacterial adhesion at various shear rates. Adhesion was found to be depended on the monolayer's terminal functionality. It was higher on the CH(3) followed by the positively charged NH(2), the non-charged NH(2) groups, the COOH and minimal on the OH-terminated glass. The increase in the material surface free energy significantly reduced the adhesion of a hydrophilic bacterial strain, and this is in accordance with the predictions of the thermodynamic theory. However, the increase in the shear rate restricted the predictability of the theory and revealed macromolecular interactions between bacteria and NH(2)- and COOH-terminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Katsikogianni
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rion, 26504, Patras, Greece
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Katsikogianni MG, Missirlis YF. Interactions of bacteria with specific biomaterial surface chemistries under flow conditions. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:1107-18. [PMID: 19671455 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of specific chemical functionalities on the adhesion of two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains under flow was investigated by using surfaces prepared by self-assembly of alkyl silane monolayers on glass. Terminal methyl (CH(3)) and amino (NH(2)) groups were formed in solution and by chemical vapor deposition of silanes, at elevated temperature. Hydroxyl (OH)-terminated glass was used as control. Surface modification was verified by contact angle and zeta potential measurements, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A parallel plate flow chamber was used to evaluate bacterial adhesion at various shear rates. The effect of the solution's ionic strength on adhesion was also studied. Adhesion was found to be dependent on the monolayer's terminal functionality. It was higher on the CH(3) followed by the NH(2) and minimal on the OH-terminated glass for both strains. The increase in the ionic strength significantly enhanced adhesion to the various substrates, in accordance with the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The extended DLVO theory explained well the combined effects of surface and solution properties on bacterial adhesion under low shear rates. However, the increase in the shear rate restricted the predictability of the theory and revealed macromolecular interactions between bacteria and NH(2)-terminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Katsikogianni
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
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