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Kakkar T, Keijzer C, Rodier M, Bukharova T, Taliansky M, Love AJ, Milner JJ, Karimullah AS, Barron LD, Gadegaard N, Lapthorn AJ, Kadodwala M. Superchiral near fields detect virus structure. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:195. [PMID: 33298854 PMCID: PMC7705013 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy can be used to quickly characterise the structural properties of individual molecules. However, it cannot be applied to biological assemblies because light is generally blind to the spatial distribution of the component molecules. This insensitivity arises from the mismatch in length scales between the assemblies (a few tens of nm) and the wavelength of light required to excite chromophores (≥150 nm). Consequently, with conventional spectroscopy, ordered assemblies, such as the icosahedral capsids of viruses, appear to be indistinguishable isotropic spherical objects. This limits potential routes to rapid high-throughput portable detection appropriate for point-of-care diagnostics. Here, we demonstrate that chiral electromagnetic (EM) near fields, which have both enhanced chiral asymmetry (referred to as superchirality) and subwavelength spatial localisation (∼10 nm), can detect the icosahedral structure of virus capsids. Thus, they can detect both the presence and relative orientation of a bound virus capsid. To illustrate the potential uses of the exquisite structural sensitivity of subwavelength superchiral fields, we have used them to successfully detect virus particles in the complex milieu of blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kakkar
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Chantal Keijzer
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology and School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Marion Rodier
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Michael Taliansky
- James Hutton Inst, Cell & Mol Sci, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Andrew J Love
- James Hutton Inst, Cell & Mol Sci, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Joel J Milner
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology and School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Affar S Karimullah
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Laurence D Barron
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- School of Engineering, Rankine Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Adrian J Lapthorn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Malcolm Kadodwala
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Leeman M, Albers WM, Bombera R, Kuncova-Kallio J, Tuppurainen J, Nilsson L. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation coupled to surface plasmon resonance detection for analysis of therapeutic proteins in blood serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:117-127. [PMID: 33098467 PMCID: PMC7801359 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coupling of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection to asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) offers the possibility to study active fractions of bio-separations on real samples, such as serum and saliva, including the assessment of activity of possibly aggregated species. The coupling of SPR with AF4 requires the possibility to select fractions from a fractogram and redirect them to the SPR. The combination of SPR with chromatography-like methods also requires a mechanism for regeneration of the receptor immobilised onto the SPR sensor surface. In recent work, the combination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with SPR was pioneered as a successful methodology for identification, characterisation and quantification of active biocomponents in biological samples. In this study, the approach using AF4 is evaluated for the antibody trastuzumab in buffer and serum. The particular object of this study was to test the feasibility of using AF4 in combination with SPR to detect and quantify proteins and aggregates in complex samples such as blood serum. Also, in the investigation, three different immobilisation methods for the receptor HER-2 were compared, which involved (1) direct binding via EDC/NHS, the standard approach; (2) immobilisation via NTA-Ni-Histag complexation; and (3) biotin/avidin-linked chemistry using a regenerable form of avidin. The highest specific activity was obtained for the biotin-avidin method, while the lowest specific activity was observed for the NTA-Ni-Histag linkage. The data show that AF4 can separate trastuzumab monomers and aggregates in blood serum and that SPR has the ability to selectively monitor the elution. This is an encouraging result for automated analysis of complex biological samples using AF4-SPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Leeman
- SOLVE Research and Consultancy AB, Medicon village, 22381, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars Nilsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Nolan P, Auer S, Spehar A, Oplatowska-Stachowiak M, Campbell K. Evaluation of Mass Sensitive Micro-Array biosensors for their feasibility in multiplex detection of low molecular weight toxins using mycotoxins as model compounds. Talanta 2020; 222:121521. [PMID: 33167231 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species including trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins, can co-contaminate food and feed throughout the supply chain, including cereal grains and animal feeds. There is an increasing demand to enhance global food security by improving the monitoring of mycotoxins throughout our food supply chain. For time and cost-efficient analysis, rapid tests capable of detecting multiple toxins from a single sample are ideal. Considering these current trends in mycotoxin testing, this project examined the feasibility of using both a portable and non-portable mass-based biosensor for multiplex mycotoxin detection. The biosensor was a mass sensitive microarray (MSMA) which consisted of 4 × 16 miniaturized mass sensitive transducer pixels based on solidly mounted resonator (SMR) technology. Functionalisation of individual pixels on the sensor surface using nano-spotting technology for the simultaneous and semi-quantitative detection of three regulated mycotoxins: T2-toxin (T2) zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisin B1 (FumB1) was examined. With the integration of portable and non-portable microfluidic devices for antibody and standard sample injections, competitive inhibition assays were developed followed by singleplex and multiplex calibration curves. The characteristics and performance of the MSMA were evaluated including sensitivity which was determined as the concentration causing 50% inhibition. Sensitivity of singleplex assays using the portable microfluidic device (PMD) were 1.3 ng/ml, 2.0 ng/ml and 6.8 ng/ml for T2, FumB1 and ZEN, respectively. Sensitivity of the multiplex assay again using the PMD was 6.1 ng/ml, 3.6 ng/ml and 2.4 ng/ml for T2, FumB1 and ZEN, respectively. The PMD was an easy to use and highly sensitive screening tool which has been demonstrated for the multiplex detection of three regulated mycotoxins. Analysis was in real time and results were fully digital. Since detection of analytes was by mass it was both a label-free and cost-efficient method proposed method of analysis for mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nolan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, UK, BT9 5DL
| | - S Auer
- BioMensio Limited, Hermiankatu 6-8H, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Spehar
- BioMensio Limited, Hermiankatu 6-8H, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Oplatowska-Stachowiak
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, UK, BT9 5DL
| | - K Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, UK, BT9 5DL.
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Alipour E, Shariatpanahi SP, Ghourchian H, Piro B, Fathipour M, Boutorabi SM, Znoyko SL, Nikitin PI. Designing a magnetic inductive micro-electrode for virus monitoring: modelling and feasibility for hepatitis B virus. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:463. [PMID: 32686021 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple model is designed for an inductive immunosensor in which the magnetic particles are attached to the bioreceptors to form a sandwich on the surface of an inductor. The inductor consists of a coil covered on a silicon oxide wafer. The coil comprises 250 turns of a planar gold wire, which is approximately 200 nm thick and 392 mm long, placed in a circle with a diameter of 2 mm. The model is well characterised by controlling the geometrical and electrical parameters and also the permeability of the magnetic material. To evaluate the feasibility of the model for virus monitoring, a novel inductive immunosensor is designed and for the first time applied for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). At first, Fab' segment of primary anti-HBsAg is immobilised on the coil. Then, the coil is exposed to HBsAg and the complex is introduced to a secondary antibody conjugated with magnetic particles to form an immune-sandwich. Finally, the influence of magnetic particles on the coil inductance is recorded and used as a signal for HBsAg detection. The magnetic inductive immunosensor showed specific responses toward HBsAg with the detection limit of 1 ng mL-1, linear range of 1 to 200 ng mL-1, and a sensitivity of 6 × 10-4 mL ng-1. The experimental results showed a very good agreement with simulation data indicating the compatibility of sensor sensitivity to the expected theoretical values. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Alipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Peyman Shariatpanahi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Ghourchian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Benoit Piro
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Morteza Fathipour
- MEMS & NEMES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, North kargar Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sergey L Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Petr I Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Rodier M, Keijzer C, Milner J, Karimullah AS, Barron LD, Gadegaard N, Lapthorn AJ, Kadodwala M. Probing Specificity of Protein-Protein Interactions with Chiral Plasmonic Nanostructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6105-6111. [PMID: 31549842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a pivotal role in many biological processes. Discriminating functionally important well-defined protein-protein complexes formed by specific interactions from random aggregates produced by nonspecific interactions is therefore a critical capability. While there are many techniques which enable rapid screening of binding affinities in PPIs, there is no generic spectroscopic phenomenon which provides rapid characterization of the structure of protein-protein complexes. In this study we show that chiral plasmonic fields probe the structural order and hence the level of PPI specificity in a model antibody-antigen system. Using surface-immobilized Fab' fragments of polyclonal rabbit IgG antibodies with high specificity for bovine serum albumin (BSA), we show that chiral plasmonic fields can discriminate between a structurally anisotropic ensemble of BSA-Fab' complexes and random ovalbumin (OVA)-Fab' aggregates, demonstrating their potential as the basis of a useful proteomic technology for the initial rapid high-throughput screening of PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rodier
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Chantal Keijzer
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TA , U.K
| | - Joel Milner
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TA , U.K
| | - Affar S Karimullah
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Laurence D Barron
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- School of Engineering, Rankine Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8LT , U.K
| | - Adrian J Lapthorn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Malcolm Kadodwala
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
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6
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Ng WK, Lim TS, Lai NS. Human neonatal Fc receptor as a new potential antibody binding protein for antibody immobilization. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:547-553. [PMID: 29280199 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A critical challenge in producing an antibody-based assay with the highest reproducibility and sensitivity is the strategy to immobilize antibodies to solid phase. To date, numerous methods of antibody immobilization were reported but each was subjected to its advantages and limitations. The current study proposes a new potential antibody binding protein, the human neonatal fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor. This protein has shown its high affinity to the Fc of antibody either in vivo or in vitro. Human neonatal Fc receptor is a heterodimer constructed by p51 α-heavy chain and β2-microglobulin light chain; however, the binding sites toward the antibody are located in the p51 α-heavy chain. Hence, vector cloning and recombinant protein expression were carried out to express the p51 α-heavy chain of the human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn-α). The recombinant protein expressed, hFcRn-α, was adopted to pin rabbit IgG against hepatitis B virus surface antigen to a solid phase. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was further developed to evaluate the efficiency of hFcRn-α-directed immobilization in antigen detection. The result was compared with the conventional physical adsorption method. The findings demonstrated that human neonatal Fc receptor was efficient in pinning antibodies and generating higher signals compared with the physical adsorption of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woei Kean Ng
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ngit Shin Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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7
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Tesfalidet S, Geladi P, Shimizu K, Lindholm-Sethson B. Detection of methotrexate in a flow system using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 914:1-6. [PMID: 26965322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), a common pharmaceutical drug in cancer therapy and treatment of rheumatic diseases, is known to cause severe adverse side effects at high dose. As the side effect may be life threatening, there is an urgent need for a continuous, bed-side monitoring of the nominal MTX serum level in a patient while the chemical is being administered. This article describes a detection of MTX using a flow system that consists two modified gold electrodes. Interaction of MTX with the antibodies fixed on the electrode surface is detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and evaluated using singular value decomposition (SVD). The key finding of this work is that the change in the electrode capacitance is found to be quantitative with respect to the concentration of MTX. Moreover a calibration curve constructed using the principal component regression method has a linear range of six orders of magnitude and a detection limit of 1.65 × 10(-10) M.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Geladi
- Corpus Data & Image Analysis AB, Rålambsvägen 66 B, Suit 1408, SE 112 56 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenichi Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Crivianu-Gaita V, Aamer M, Posaratnanathan RT, Romaschin A, Thompson M. Acoustic wave biosensor for the detection of the breast and prostate cancer metastasis biomarker protein PTHrP. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 78:92-99. [PMID: 26594891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no biosensors that are able to reliably detect the process of cancer metastasis. We describe the first label-free real-time ultra-high frequency acoustic wave biosensor prototype capable of detecting the breast and prostate cancer metastasis biomarker, parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). Two different linkers - 11-trichlorosilyl-undecanoic acid pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP) and S-(11-trichlorosilyl-undecanyl)-benzothiosulfonate (TUBTS) - were used to immobilize whole anti-PTHrP antibodies and Fab' fragments to surfaces as biorecognition elements. The biosensor surfaces were optimized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the ultra-high frequency electromagnetic piezoelectric acoustic sensor (EMPAS). One optimized whole antibody-based surface (PFP/protein G'/whole antibodies/ethanolamine) and one optimized Fab' fragment-based surface (TUBTS/Fab' fragments) were tested as biosensors. It was determined that an in-line injection of bovine serum albumin prior to analyte injection yielded the most minimally fouling surfaces. Each surface was tested with no mass amplification and with sandwich-type secondary antibody mass amplification. The whole antibody-based mass-amplified biosensor yielded the lowest limit of detection (61 ng/mL), highest sensitivity, and a linear range from 61 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL. However, the Fab' fragment-based biosensor displayed better regenerability as a loss of ~20% of the initial analyte signal intensity was observed with each subsequent injection. The whole antibody-based biosensor was only capable of producing an analyte signal in the first injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Aamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | | | | | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6.
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Crivianu-Gaita V, Thompson M. Immobilization of Fab’ fragments onto substrate surfaces: A survey of methods and applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:167-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Albers WM, Pelto JM, Suspène C, Määttä JA, Yassar A, Hytönen VP, Vikholm-Lundin IM, Tappura K. Structural and functional characteristics of chimeric avidins physically adsorbed onto functionalized polythiophene thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:4067-4077. [PMID: 22786654 DOI: 10.1021/am3008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stabilized bioreceptor layers are of great importance in the design of novel biosensors. In earlier work, chimeric avidins enabled immobilization of biotinylated antibodies onto gold surfaces with greater stability compared to more conventional avidins (wild-type avidin and streptavidin). In the present study, the applicability of chimeric avidins as a general binding scaffold for biotinylated antibodies on spin-coated functionalized polythiophene thin films has been studied by surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy. Novel chimeric avidins showed remarkably increased binding characteristics compared with other avidins, such as wild-type avidin, streptavidin, and bacterial avidin when merely physically adsorbed onto the polythiophene surface. They gave the highest binding capacities, the highest affinity constant, and the highest stability for biotinylated probe immobilization. Introduction of carboxylic acid groups to polythiophene layer further enhanced the binding level of the avidins. Polythiophene layers functionalized with chimeric avidins thus offered a promising generic platform for biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M Albers
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Sinitaival 6 FI-33720 Tampere, Finland.
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Albers WM, Munter T, Laaksonen P, Vikholm-Lundin I. Improved functionality of antibody-colloidal gold conjugates with the aid of lipoamide-grafted N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 348:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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