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Kowalczyk B, Petzold M, Kaczyński Z, Szuster-Ciesielska A, Luchowski R, Gruszecki WI, Fuchs B, Galuska CE, Choma A, Tarasiuk J, Palusińska-Szysz M. Lipopolysaccharide of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Facilitates Interaction with Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14602. [PMID: 37834049 PMCID: PMC10572746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the primary causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. The mutant-type strain interrupted in the ORF7 gene region responsible for the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis of the L. pneumophila strain Heysham-1, lacking the O-acetyl groups attached to the rhamnose of the core part, showed a higher surface polarity compared with the wild-type strain. The measurement of excitation energy transfer between fluorophores located on the surface of bacteria and eukaryotic cells showed that, at an early stage of interaction with host cells, the mutant exhibited weaker interactions with Acanthamoeba castellanii cells and THP-1-derived macrophages. The mutant displayed reduced adherence to macrophages but enhanced adherence to A. castellanii, suggesting that the O-acetyl group of the LPS core region plays a crucial role in facilitating interaction with macrophages. The lack of core rhamnose O-acetyl groups made it easier for the bacteria to multiply in amoebae and macrophages. The mutant induced TNF-α production more strongly compared with the wild-type strain. The mutant synthesized twice as many ceramides Cer(t34:0) and Cer(t38:0) than the wild-type strain. The study showed that the internal sugars of the LPS core region of L. pneumophila sg 1 can interact with eukaryotic cell surface receptors and mediate in contacting and attaching bacteria to host cells as well as modulating the immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Markus Petzold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Zbigniew Kaczyński
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Rafał Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Wiesław I. Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Beate Fuchs
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Core Facility Metabolomics, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (B.F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Christina E. Galuska
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Core Facility Metabolomics, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (B.F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Adam Choma
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacek Tarasiuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
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Probabilistic Analysis of a French Legionellosis Outbreak Shows Potential Role of Wastewater Basin. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020422. [PMID: 35208875 PMCID: PMC8875701 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the data from a French outbreak of legionellosis, a probabilistic approach was developed to analyze and assess the potential role of several suspected sources of contamination. Potential dates of exposure of all cases were determined using back-calculation, using two probability distribution functions to model incubation period. A probabilistic analysis and risk assessment were then used to determine the most probable sources of contamination for each wave of the outbreak. The risk assessment was based on parameters representing emission and dispersion of Legionella: level and duration of emission; aerosol dispersion capacity; and probability of potential exposure for each patient. Four types of facilities containing the Legionella epidemic strain were analyzed: cooling towers, aerated wastewater basins, high pressure water cleaners, and car wash stations. The results highlighted the potential role of an aerated wastewater basin in the outbreak in addition to cooling towers. The role of high-pressure water cleaners and car wash stations appeared to be non-significant. This study also reveals the lack of knowledge on facility parameters that can be useful for microbial risk assessments. This type of probabilistic analysis can be used to quantitatively assess the risk for various facilities in order to manage a legionellosis outbreak.
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Chamarande J, Cunat L, Caillet C, Mathieu L, Duval JFL, Lozniewski A, Frippiat JP, Alauzet C, Cailliez-Grimal C. Surface Properties of Parabacteroides distasonis and Impacts of Stress-Induced Molecules on Its Surface Adhesion and Biofilm Formation Capacities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1602. [PMID: 34442682 PMCID: PMC8400631 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem whose balance and homeostasis are essential to the host's well-being and whose composition can be critically affected by various factors, including host stress. Parabacteroides distasonis causes well-known beneficial roles for its host, but is negatively impacted by stress. However, the mechanisms explaining its maintenance in the gut have not yet been explored, in particular its capacities to adhere onto (bio)surfaces, form biofilms and the way its physicochemical surface properties are affected by stressing conditions. In this paper, we reported adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of 14 unrelated strains of P. distasonis using a steam-based washing procedure, and the electrokinetic features of its surface. Results evidenced an important inter-strain variability for all experiments including the response to stress hormones. In fact, stress-induced molecules significantly impact P. distasonis adhesion and biofilm formation capacities in 35% and 23% of assays, respectively. This study not only provides basic data on the adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of P. distasonis to abiotic substrates but also paves the way for further research on how stress-molecules could be implicated in P. distasonis maintenance within the gut microbiota, which is a prerequisite for designing efficient solutions to optimize its survival within gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Chamarande
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Lisiane Cunat
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Céline Caillet
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.); (J.F.L.D.)
| | - Laurence Mathieu
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), Paris Sciences Lettres University (PSL), F-54500 Nancy, France;
| | - Jérôme F. L. Duval
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.); (J.F.L.D.)
| | - Alain Lozniewski
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
- CHRU de Nancy, Service de Microbiologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Corentine Alauzet
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
- CHRU de Nancy, Service de Microbiologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
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McBurnett LR, Holt NT, Alum A, Abbaszadegan M. Legionella - A threat to groundwater: Pathogen transport in recharge basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1485-1490. [PMID: 29054644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates the potential risk posed by Legionella during aquifer recharge practices. Experiments were conducted using pilot-scale column simulating infiltration of bacterial surrogate and pathogen, E. coli and Legionella pneumophila, under central Arizona recharge basin conditions. A column was packed with a loamy sand media collected from a recharge basin and was fitted with six sampling ports at soil depths of 15, 30, 60, 92, 122cm and acclimated for a month with tertiary treated wastewater. Transport of Legionella appeared to be delayed compared to E. coli. The breakthrough of E. coli and Legionella at 122cm depth occurred at 3 and 24h, respectively. Slow transport of Legionella is consistent with its pleomorphic nature and variation in size and shape under low nutrient conditions. Legionella persisted for a longer time in the column, but at lower concentrations. Given the novel results of this study, the transport of Legionella into groundwater aquifers can occur through engineering recharge basin conditions creating a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R McBurnett
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, United States.
| | - Nathan T Holt
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, United States.
| | - Absar Alum
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, United States.
| | - Morteza Abbaszadegan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, United States.
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Maisa A, Brockmann A, Renken F, Lück C, Pleischl S, Exner M, Daniels-Haardt I, Jurke A. Epidemiological investigation and case-control study: a Legionnaires' disease outbreak associated with cooling towers in Warstein, Germany, August-September 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30064. [PMID: 26607018 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.46.30064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Between 1 August and 6 September 2013, an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (LD) with 159 suspected cases occurred in Warstein, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The outbreak consisted of 78 laboratory-confirmed cases of LD, including one fatality, with a case fatality rate of 1%. Legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, subtype Knoxville, sequence type 345, was identified as the epidemic strain. A case-control study was conducted to identify possible sources of infection. In univariable analysis, cases were almost five times more likely to smoke than controls (odds ratio (OR): 4.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33-9.93; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, cases were twice as likely to live within a 3 km distance from one identified infection source as controls (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.09-4.20; p < 0.027). This is the largest outbreak of LD in Germany to date. Due to a series of uncommon events, this outbreak was most likely caused by multiple sources involving industrial cooling towers. Quick epidemiological assessment, source tracing and shutting down of potential sources as well as rapid laboratory testing and early treatment are necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality. Maintenance of cooling towers must be carried out according to specification to prevent similar LD outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maisa
- Department of Infectiology and Hygiene, NRW Centre for Health, Münster, Germany
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Ditommaso S, Giacomuzzi M, Rivera SRA, Raso R, Ferrero P, Zotti CM. Virulence of Legionella pneumophila strains isolated from hospital water system and healthcare-associated Legionnaires' disease in Northern Italy between 2004 and 2009. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:483. [PMID: 25190206 PMCID: PMC4168204 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, L. pneumophila sg 1 is the most common agent of Legionnaires' disease ( 80 to 90% of the reported cases). In contrast, L. pneumophila sg 2-14 account for only 15 to 20% of community-acquired cases, although they account for over 50% of the environmental isolates. The discrepancy between environmental isolates and clinical cases of disease suggested that there are differences in virulence.We decided to subtype the environmental Legionella strains isolated from health care facilities (HCFs) and to compare the distribution of strains with the occurrence of hospital-acquired legionellosis. METHODS Observational ecological study based on the data provided by the regional surveillance of legionellosis and on data obtained from hospitals environmental monitoring.Using the monoclonal antibody MAb 3/1 of the Dresden Panel we collected and typed environmental strains of L. pneumophila sg 1 obtained during routine testing in 56 health care facilities from 2004 to 2009.The results of the laboratory analyses of the environmental samples were compared with the number of cases that each health care facility reported during the study period. RESULTS The association between the type of colonisation (L. pneumophila sg 1 vs others serogroups) and the incidence of reported cases was statistically significant (p = 0.03 according to the χ2 test).Legionella strains with the virulence-associated epitope recognised by MAb 3/1 were isolated in 8 of the 26 HCFs colonised by L. pneumophila sg 1; 7 of the HCFs colonised by MAb 3/1-positive strains accounted for 85% of the cases of hospital-acquired legionellosis reported during the 6-year study period. There was a statistically significant association (p = 0.003) between the presence of cases and colonisation by MAb 3/1-positive Legionella strains. CONCLUSION This study suggests that hospitals colonised by more virulent strains should be aware of the increased risk and consider the opportunities of increase their monitoring efforts and implement more effective contamination control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Ditommaso
- />Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Giacomuzzi
- />Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Susan R Arauco Rivera
- />Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Raso
- />Servizio di riferimento Regionale di Epidemiologia per la sorveglianza, la prevenzione e il controllo delle Malattie Infettive, SeREMI Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Pierangela Ferrero
- />Servizio di riferimento Regionale di Epidemiologia per la sorveglianza, la prevenzione e il controllo delle Malattie Infettive, SeREMI Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Carla M Zotti
- />Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide(LPS) of Legionella spp. is an immuno-dominant antigen and the basis for Legionella pneumophila serogroup classification. The LPS shows a peculiar structure composed of a very hydrophobic lipid A acylated by long chain fatty acids and an O-antigen-specific chain consisting of homopolymeric legionaminic acid. In this chapter we describe a method for the isolation of LPS from L. pneumophila. In the first part we describe the chemical purification, in the second part we outline the application of monoclonal antibody (mAb) in Western blot and immuno-localization by indirect immunofluorescence. This report does not describe physico-chemical methods that analyze the structure of lipopolysaccharide entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lück
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Rzhepishevska O, Hakobyan S, Ruhal R, Gautrot J, Barbero D, Ramstedt M. The surface charge of anti-bacterial coatings alters motility and biofilm architecture. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:589-602. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm00197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jacquet T, Cailliez-Grimal C, Borges F, Gaiani C, Francius G, Duval J, Waldvogel Y, Revol-Junelles AM. Surface properties of bacteria sensitive and resistant to the class IIa carnobacteriocin Cbn BM1. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 112:372-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Viota JL, Rudzka K, Trueba Á, Torres-Aleman I, Delgado ÁV. Electrophoretic characterization of insulin growth factor (IGF-1) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6426-6432. [PMID: 21506536 DOI: 10.1021/la2009144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of composite nanoparticles consisting of a magnetite core coated with a layer of the hormone insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is described. The adsorption of the hormone in the different formulations is first studied by electrophoretic mobility measurements as a function of pH, ionic strength, and time. Because of the permeable character expected for both citrate and IGF-1 coatings surrounding the magnetite cores, an appropriate analysis of their electrophoretic mobility must be addressed. Recent developments of electrokinetic theories for particles covered by soft surface layers have rendered possible the evaluation of the softness degree from raw electrophoretic mobility data. In the present contribution, the data are quantitatively analyzed based on the theoretical model of the electrokinetics of soft particles. As a result, information is obtained on both the thickness and the charge density of the surrounding layer. It is shown that IGF-1 adsorbs onto the surface of citrate-coated magnetite nanoparticles, and adsorption is confirmed by dot-blot analysis. In addition, it is also demonstrated that the external layer of IGF-1 exerts a shielding effect on the surface charge of citrate-magnetite particles, as suggested by the mobility reduction upon contacting the particles with the hormone. Aging effects are demonstrated, providing an electrokinetic fingerprint of changes in adsorbed protein configuration with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián L Viota
- Department of Physics, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
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Shevchuk O, Jäger J, Steinert M. Virulence properties of the legionella pneumophila cell envelope. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:74. [PMID: 21747794 PMCID: PMC3129009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial envelope plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structure and molecular composition of the Legionella pneumophila cell envelope. We describe lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis and the biological activities of membrane and periplasmic proteins and discuss their decisive functions during the pathogen–host interaction. In addition to adherence, invasion, and intracellular survival of L. pneumophila, special emphasis is laid on iron acquisition, detoxification, key elicitors of the immune response and the diverse functions of outer membrane vesicles. The critical analysis of the literature reveals that the dynamics and phenotypic plasticity of the Legionella cell surface during the different metabolic stages require more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shevchuk
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Duval JFL, Merlin J, Narayana PAL. Electrostatic interactions between diffuse soft multi-layered (bio)particles: beyond Debye-Hückel approximation and Deryagin formulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 13:1037-53. [PMID: 21072398 DOI: 10.1039/c004243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a steady-state theory for the evaluation of electrostatic interactions between identical or dissimilar spherical soft multi-layered (bio)particles, e.g. microgels or microorganisms. These generally consist of a rigid core surrounded by concentric ion-permeable layers that may differ in thickness, soft material density, chemical composition and degree of dissociation for the ionogenic groups. The formalism allows the account of diffuse interphases where distributions of ionogenic groups from one layer to the other are position-dependent. The model is valid for any number of ion-permeable layers around the core of the interacting soft particles and covers all limiting situations in terms of nature of interacting particles, i.e. homo- and hetero-interactions between hard, soft or entirely porous colloids. The theory is based on a rigorous numerical solution of the non-linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation including radial and angular distortions of the electric field distribution within and outside the interacting soft particles in approach. The Gibbs energy of electrostatic interaction is obtained from a general expression derived following the method by Verwey and Overbeek based on appropriate electric double layer charging mechanisms. Original analytical solutions are provided here for cases where interaction takes place between soft multi-layered particles whose size and charge density are in line with Deryagin treatment and Debye-Hückel approximation. These situations include interactions between hard and soft particles, hard plate and soft particle or soft plate and soft particle. The flexibility of the formalism is highlighted by the discussion of few situations which clearly illustrate that electrostatic interaction between multi-layered particles may be partly or predominantly governed by potential distribution within the most internal layers. A major consequence is that both amplitude and sign of Gibbs electrostatic interaction energy may dramatically change depending on the interplay between characteristic Debye length, thickness of ion-permeable layers and their respective protolytic features (e.g. location, magnitude and sign of charge density). This formalism extends a recent model by Ohshima which is strictly limited to interaction between soft mono-shell particles within Deryagin and Debye-Hückel approximations under conditions where ionizable sites are completely dissociated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme F L Duval
- Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, Nancy-Université, UMR7569 CNRS, BP 40-F-54501 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
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