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Bayram O, Özkan U, Şahin HT, Göde F. Malachite green (cationic dye) removal with modified Pinus brutia biochar. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024; 26:416-426. [PMID: 37592756 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2246573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Dyes are frequently used in industries such as textile, leather, paper and printing, to water sources causes harmful effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively remove colored contaminants from water in order to protect the environment and public health, maintain biodiversity and preserve the esthetic aspects of water resources. In this study, wood chips obtained from Pinus brutia (PB) tree grown in many parts of the world were turned into biochar and then modified and used for the removal of malachite green, a cationic dye. For this purpose, biochar (PBB) was made by collecting PB wood and turning it into chips (PB). Later, PBB was modified to gain nano-magnetic properties. The structure of the obtained PBB and nM-PBB adsorbents was characterized by FT-IR. pH (2-9), temperature (25 °C-55 °C), time change (15 min-240 min), adsorbent amount change (0.05 g-0.45g) and MG concentration (25 mg/L-250 mg/L) were investigated in MG removal of PBB and nM-PBB. The process was found to be pseudo-second-order and spontaneous endothermic reaction. PBB and nM-PBB were found to be suitable for Langmuir isotherm in MG removal (qmax=13.004 mg/g for PBB, qmax=18.215 mg/g for nM-PBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Bayram
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Uğur Özkan
- Department of Forest Products Engineering, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Halil Turgut Şahin
- Department of Forest Products Engineering, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Fethiye Göde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Sasaki Y, Konishi N, Kohri M, Taniguchi T, Kishikawa K, Karatsu T. Synthesis of luminescent core–shell polymer particles carrying amino groups for covalent immobilization of enzymes. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Armutcu C, Özgür E, Çorman ME, Uzun L. Interface imprinted polymers with well-oriented recognition sites for selective purification of hemoglobin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 197:111435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Erol B, Erol K, Gökmeşe E. The effect of the chelator characteristics on insulin adsorption in immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Capacitive Biosensors and Molecularly Imprinted Electrodes. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17020390. [PMID: 28218689 PMCID: PMC5336051 DOI: 10.3390/s17020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive biosensors belong to the group of affinity biosensors that operate by registering direct binding between the sensor surface and the target molecule. This type of biosensors measures the changes in dielectric properties and/or thickness of the dielectric layer at the electrolyte/electrode interface. Capacitive biosensors have so far been successfully used for detection of proteins, nucleotides, heavy metals, saccharides, small organic molecules and microbial cells. In recent years, the microcontact imprinting method has been used to create very sensitive and selective biorecognition cavities on surfaces of capacitive electrodes. This chapter summarizes the principle and different applications of capacitive biosensors with an emphasis on microcontact imprinting method with its recent capacitive biosensor applications.
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Köse K, Erol K, Özgür E, Uzun L, Denizli A. PolyAdenine cryogels for fast and effective RNA purification. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:678-86. [PMID: 27434154 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryogels are used effectively for many diverse applications in a variety of fields. The isolation or purification of RNA, one of the potential utilizations for cryogels, is crucial due to their vital roles such as encoding, decoding, transcription and translation, and gene expression. RNA principally exists within every living thing, but their tendency to denaturation easily is still the most challenging issue. Herein, we aimed to develop adenine incorporated polymeric cryogels as an alternative sorbent for cost-friendly and fast RNA purification with high capacity. For this goal, we synthesized the polymerizable derivative of adenine called as adenine methacrylate (AdeM) through the substitution reaction between adenine and methacryloyl chloride. Then, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based cryogels were prepared in a partially frozen aqueous medium by copolymerization of monomers, AdeM, and HEMA. The cryogels were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and swelling tests. RNA adsorption experiments were performed via batch system while varying different conditions including pH, initial RNA concentration, temperature, and interaction time. We achieved high RNA adsorption capacity of cryogels, with the swelling ratio around 510%, as 11.86mg/g. The cryogels might be reused at least five times without significant decrease in adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazım Köse
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey; Hitit University, Scientific Technical Research and Application Center, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Kadir Erol
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey; Hitit University, Department of Chemistry, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Özgür
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Adil Denizli
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Çorman ME, Armutcu C, Uzun L, Say R, Denizli A. Reversible and easy post-crosslinking method for developing a surface ion-imprinted hypercrosslinked monolith for specific Cd(ii) ion removal from aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17150h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new surface imprinting technique for preparing a hypercrosslinked monolith to selectively remove Cd(ii) ions out from aqueous solutions was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Çorman
- Hacettepe University
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Canan Armutcu
- Hacettepe University
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Hacettepe University
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Rıdvan Say
- Anadolu University
- Department of Chemistry
- Eskişehir
- Turkey
- Bionkit Ltd Şti
| | - Adil Denizli
- Hacettepe University
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Ankara
- Turkey
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Memmedova T, Armutcu C, Uzun L, Denizli A. Polyglycidyl methacrylate based immunoaffinity cryogels for insulin adsorption. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 52:178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Aspartic acid incorporated monolithic columns for affinity glycoprotein purification. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 114:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Ünlüer ÖB, Özcan A, Uzun L. Preparation of a novel hydrophobic affinity cryogel for adsorption of lipase and its utilization as a chromatographic adsorbent for fast protein liquid chromatography. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:376-82. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayça Özcan
- Dept. of Chemistry; Anadolu University; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Dept. of Chemistry, Biochemistry Div.; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
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Shibuya K, Nagao D, Ishii H, Konno M. Advanced soap-free emulsion polymerization for highly pure, micron-sized, monodisperse polymer particles. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Yilmaz G, Kurtulgu M, Sari MM, Uzun L, Denizli A. Design of Magnetic Graphene Oxide Containing Magnetically Stabilized Fluidized Bed System for Dopamine Adsorption in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and Uric Acid. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.807289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Yilmaz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Turkish Military Academy, Dikmen, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kurtulgu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Turkish Military Academy, Dikmen, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Lokman Uzun
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Daoud-Attieh M, Chaib H, Armutcu C, Uzun L, Elkak A, Denizli A. Immunoglobulin G purification from bovine serum with pseudo-specific supermacroporous cryogels. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Yilmaz F, Kose K, Sari MM, Demirel G, Uzun L, Denizli A. Bioinspired surface modification of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) based microbeads via oxidative polymerization of dopamine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 109:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Uzun L, Armutcu C, Biçen Ö, Ersöz A, Say R, Denizli A. Simultaneous depletion of immunoglobulin G and albumin from human plasma using novel monolithic cryogel columns. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:1-8. [PMID: 23928053 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop an alternative matrix able to deplete the albumin (Alb) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) from blood plasma simultaneously to prepare plasma samples for large-scale applications of blood-related proteomics. As a first step, nano-protein A nanoparticles (nanoProA) were prepared and characterized. Subsequently, cibacron blue F3GA (CB) was immobilized onto the nanoProA's to enhance their specific affinity for Alb molecules. Finally, both nanoparticles, specifically, nanoProA and CB-nanoProA, were separately embedded into cryogel structures to combine advantages of the nanoparticles with those of the cryogels. The protein adsorption was optimized using aqueous Alb and IgG solutions separately. Subsequently, competitive protein adsorption was performed using a protein mixture prepared with Alb and IgG adhering to their plasma protein ratios. Because of the CB-immobilization, the Alb depletion performance of the cryogels increased whereas the IgG depleting performance decreased. Using the nanoProA, embedded cryogel removed 99.3% of the IgG, while using the CB-nanoProA embedded cryogel removed 97.5% of the Alb content. The simultaneous depletion performances of the cryogels for Alb and IgG were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In this study, the monolithic cryogel-based adsorbents were classified as an alternative matrix to prepare plasma samples for proteomics applications at the preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Uzun
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Preparation of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogels containing l-histidine for insulin recognition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 107:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Kasuya M, Taniguchi T, Motokawa R, Kohri M, Kishikawa K, Nakahira T. Quantification of ATRP initiator density on polymer latex particles by fluorescence labeling technique using copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Kasuya
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University; 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University; 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Ryuhei Motokawa
- Actinide Coordination Chemistry Group, Quantum Beam Science Directorate (QuBS), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA); Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Michinari Kohri
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University; 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Keiki Kishikawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University; 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakahira
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University; 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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Emin Çorman M, Bereli N, Özkara S, Uzun L, Denizli A. Hydrophobic cryogels for DNA adsorption: Effect of embedding of monosize microbeads into cryogel network on their adsorptive performances. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1524-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Emin Çorman
- Hacettepe University; Chemistry Department; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Nilay Bereli
- Hacettepe University; Chemistry Department; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Serpil Özkara
- Anadolu University; Chemistry Department; Eskişehir; Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Hacettepe University; Chemistry Department; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Hacettepe University; Chemistry Department; Ankara; Turkey
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Türkoğlu EA, Yavuz H, Uzun L, Akgöl S, Denizli A. The fabrication of nanosensor-based surface plasmon resonance for IgG detection. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 41:213-21. [PMID: 23110360 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2012.716066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/3-(2-imidazoline-1-yl)propyl(triethoxysilane) (PHEMA/IMEO) nanoparticles were attached on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the real-time detection of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human serum. The PHEMA/IMEO nanoparticles-attached SPR sensor was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. IgG detection studies were performed using aqueous IgG solutions at different concentrations. In order to show the selectivity and specificity of the SPR sensor, competitive kinetic analyses were performed using IgG, albumin, hemoglobin in singular and competitive manner. Finally, IgG detection in human serum was carried out.
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Saylan Y, Sarı MM, Özkara S, Uzun L, Denizli A. Hydrophobic microbeads as an alternative pseudo-affinity adsorbent for recombinant human interferon-α via hydrophobic interactions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Doğan A, Özkara S, Sarı MM, Uzun L, Denizli A. Evaluation of human interferon adsorption performance of Cibacron Blue F3GA attached cryogels and interferon purification by using FPLC system. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 893-894:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Molecular imprinting based composite cryogel membranes for purification of anti-hepatitis B surface antibody by fast protein liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 889-890:95-102. [PMID: 22382092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have focused our attention to prepare molecular imprinted composite cryogel membranes for purification of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) by fast protein liquid chromatography. Before the preparation of the molecular imprinted composite cryogel membranes (MI-CMs) by free radical polymerization at sub-zero temperature, we have synthesized and characterized the anti-HBs imprinted particles. Then, the cryogel membranes (CMs) were characterized by swelling test, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Prior to chromatographic purification studies, the effective parameters on the anti-HBs adsorption process were evaluated by investigating the dependency of the adsorption capacity on flow-rate, anti-HBs concentration, contact time and ionic strength. The maximum anti-HBs adsorption capacity was calculated as 701.4 mIU/g CM. The selectivity of the MI-CMs was shown by competitive adsorption of anti-HBs, total anti-hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) adsorption studies. The MI-CMs have relative selectivity coefficients as 5.45 for anti-HBs/total anti-HAV and 9.05 for anti-HBs/total IgE, respectively. The phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) containing 1.0M NaCl was used for elution, almost completely, of adsorbed anti-HBs molecules. The MI-CMs could be used many times without any significant decrease in the adsorption capacity. The chromatographic purification performances of the MI-CMs were also investigated. The chromatographic parameters such as capacity and separation factors, the theoretical plate number and resolution of the MI-CMs were calculated as 5.48, 6.02, 1153.9, and 1.72 for anti-HBs molecules, respectively. As a conclusion, we can say that the MI-CMs could be used for specific purification of anti-HBs from anti-HBs positive human plasma.
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Sun S, Ma M, Qiu N, Huang X, Cai Z, Huang Q, Hu X. Affinity adsorption and separation behaviors of avidin on biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles binding to iminobiotin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Ertürk G, Uzun L, Tümer MA, Say R, Denizli A. Fab fragments imprinted SPR biosensor for real-time human immunoglobulin G detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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