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Wang Y, Geng Q, Zhang Y, Adler-Abramovich L, Fan X, Mei D, Gazit E, Tao K. Fmoc-diphenylalanine gelating nanoarchitectonics: A simplistic peptide self-assembly to meet complex applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:113-133. [PMID: 36623365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF), has been has been extensively explored due to its ultrafast self-assembly kinetics, inherent biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical properties, and especially, the capability of forming self-sustained gels under physiological conditions. Consequently, various methodologies to develop Fmoc-FF gels and their corresponding applications in biomedical and industrial fields have been extensively studied. Herein, we systemically summarize the mechanisms underlying Fmoc-FF self-assembly, discuss the preparation methodologies of Fmoc-FF hydrogels, and then deliberate the properties as well as the diverse applications of Fmoc-FF self-assemblies. Finally, the contemporary shortcomings which limit the development of Fmoc-FF self-assembly are raised and the alternative solutions are proposed, along with future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China; Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Lihi Adler-Abramovich
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Xinyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Deqing Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ehud Gazit
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel; Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Kai Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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Fmoc-Diphenylalanine Hydrogels: Optimization of Preparation Methods and Structural Insights. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091048. [PMID: 36145269 PMCID: PMC9505424 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels (HGs) are tri-dimensional materials with a non-Newtonian flow behaviour formed by networks able to encapsulate high amounts of water or other biological fluids. They can be prepared using both synthetic or natural polymers and their mechanical and functional properties may change according to the preparation method, the solvent, the pH, and to others experimental parameters. Recently, many short and ultra-short peptides have been investigated as building blocks for the formulation of biocompatible hydrogels suitable for different biomedical applications. Due to its simplicity and capability to gel in physiological conditions, Fmoc-FF dipeptide is one of the most studied peptide hydrogelators. Although its identification dates to 15 ago, its behaviour is currently studied because of the observation that the final material obtained is deeply dependent on the preparation method. To collect information about their formulation, here are reported some different strategies adopted until now for the Fmoc-FF HG preparation, noting the changes in the structural arrangement and behaviour in terms of stiffness, matrix porosity, and stability induced by the different formulation strategy on the final material.
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Yang B, Lledos M, Akhtar R, Ciccone G, Jiang L, Russo E, Rajput S, Jin C, Angelereou MGF, Arnold T, Rawle J, Vassalli M, Marlow M, Adams DJ, Zelzer M. Surface-controlled spatially heterogeneous physical properties of a supramolecular gel with homogeneous chemical composition. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14260-14269. [PMID: 34760212 PMCID: PMC8565383 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04671c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling supramolecular self-assembly across multiple length scales to prepare gels with localised properties is challenging. Most strategies concentrate on fabricating gels with heterogeneous components, where localised properties are generated by the stimuli-responsive component. Here, as an alternative approach, we use a spiropyran-modified surface that can be patterned with light. We show that light-induced differences in surface chemistry can direct the bulk assembly of a low molecular weight gelator, 2-NapAV, meaning that mechanical gel properties can be controlled by the surface on which the gel is grown. Using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering, we demonstrate that the origin of the different gel properties relates to differences in the architectures of the gels. This provides a new method to prepare a single domain (i.e., chemically homogeneous) hydrogel with locally controlled (i.e., mechanically heterogeneous) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Marina Lledos
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GH UK
| | - Giuseppe Ciccone
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8LT UK
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Emanuele Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Sunil Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Chunyu Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | | | - Thomas Arnold
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
- European Spallation Source ERIC P. O. Box 176 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
- STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot OX11 0QX UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Jonathan Rawle
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8LT UK
| | - Maria Marlow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Mischa Zelzer
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
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Delfi M, Sartorius R, Ashrafizadeh M, Sharifi E, Zhang Y, De Berardinis P, Zarrabi A, Varma RS, Tay FR, Smith BR, Makvandi P. Self-assembled peptide and protein nanostructures for anti-cancer therapy: Targeted delivery, stimuli-responsive devices and immunotherapy. NANO TODAY 2021; 38:101119. [PMID: 34267794 PMCID: PMC8276870 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled peptides and proteins possess tremendous potential as targeted drug delivery systems and key applications of these well-defined nanostructures reside in anti-cancer therapy. Peptides and proteins can self-assemble into nanostructures of diverse sizes and shapes in response to changing environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, as well as host and guest molecular interactions; their countless benefits include good biocompatibility and high loading capacity for hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. These self-assembled nanomaterials can be adorned with functional moieties to specifically target tumor cells. Stimuli-responsive features can also be incorporated with respect to the tumor microenvironment. This review sheds light on the growing interest in self-assembled peptides and proteins and their burgeoning applications in cancer treatment and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Delfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Yapei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Bryan Ronain Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Diaferia C, Morelli G, Accardo A. Fmoc-diphenylalanine as a suitable building block for the preparation of hybrid materials and their potential applications. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5142-5155. [PMID: 31380554 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to its capability to self-assemble in self-supporting hydrogels (HG) under physiological conditions, Fmoc-FF is one of the most studied ultra-short peptide. The structural properties of the resulting hydrogel (mechanical rigidity, entanglement of the fibrillary network, and the thickness of the fibers) strictly depend on the experimental conditions used during the preparation. In the past few years, a broad range of applications in different fields, such as biomedical and industrial fields, have been proposed. However, the research on novel materials with enhanced mechanical properties, stability, and biocompatibility has brought about the development of novel Fmoc-FF-based hybrid systems, in which the ultra-short hydrogelator is combined with others entities such as polysaccharides, polymers, peptides, or organic molecules. The structural features and the potential applications of these novel hybrid materials, with particular attention to tissue engineering, drug delivery, and catalysis, are described here. The aim is to give the readers a tool to design new hybrid nanomaterials based on the Fmoc-FF dipeptide hydrogelator, with appropriate properties for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134-Naples, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134-Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134-Naples, Italy.
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Yang B, Adams DJ, Marlow M, Zelzer M. Surface-Mediated Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Protein, Peptide, and Nucleoside Derivatives: From Surface Design to the Underlying Mechanism and Tailored Functions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15109-15125. [PMID: 30032622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the many parameters that have been explored to exercise control over self-assembly processes, the influence of surface properties on self-assembly has been recognized as important but has received considerably less attention than other factors. This is particularly true for biomolecule-derived self-assembling molecules such as protein, peptide, and nucleobase derivatives. Because of their relevance to biomaterial and drug delivery applications, interest in these materials is increasing. As the formation of supramolecular structures from these biomolecule derivatives inevitably brings them into contact with the surfaces of surrounding materials, understanding and controlling the impact of the properties of these surfaces on the self-assembly process are important. In this feature article, we present an overview of the different surface parameters that have been used and studied for the direction of the self-assembly of protein, peptide, and nucleoside-based molecules. The current mechanistic understanding of these processes will be discussed, and potential applications of surface-mediated self-assembly will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG2 7RD , U.K
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Maria Marlow
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG2 7RD , U.K
| | - Mischa Zelzer
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG2 7RD , U.K
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Spitzer D, Marichez V, Formon GJM, Besenius P, Hermans TM. Surface-Assisted Self-Assembly of a Hydrogel by Proton Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spitzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Vincent Marichez
- University of Strasbourg; CNRS; ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Georges J. M. Formon
- University of Strasbourg; CNRS; ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Pol Besenius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Thomas M. Hermans
- University of Strasbourg; CNRS; ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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Spitzer D, Marichez V, Formon GJM, Besenius P, Hermans TM. Surface-Assisted Self-Assembly of a Hydrogel by Proton Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11349-11353. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spitzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Vincent Marichez
- University of Strasbourg; CNRS; ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Georges J. M. Formon
- University of Strasbourg; CNRS; ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Pol Besenius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Thomas M. Hermans
- University of Strasbourg; CNRS; ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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Vigier-Carrière C, Boulmedais F, Schaaf P, Jierry L. Surface-Assisted Self-Assembly Strategies Leading to Supramolecular Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1448-1456. [PMID: 29044982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Localized molecular self-assembly processes leading to the growth of nanostructures exclusively from the surface of a material is one of the great challenges in surface chemistry. In the last decade, several works have been reported on the ability of modified or unmodified surfaces to manage the self-assembly of low-molecular-weight hydrogelators (LMWH) resulting in localized supramolecular hydrogel coatings mainly based on nanofiber architectures. This Minireview highlights all strategies that have emerged recently to initiate and localize LMWH supramolecular hydrogel formation, their related fundamental issues and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vigier-Carrière
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, U1121, 11 rue Humann, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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10
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Vigier-Carrière C, Boulmedais F, Schaaf P, Jierry L. Oberflächenunterstützte Selbstorganisationsstrategien für supramolekulare Hydrogele. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vigier-Carrière
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22; 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 Frankreich
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22; 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 Frankreich
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22; 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 Frankreich
- Université de Strasbourg; INSERM, U1121; 11 rue Humann 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22; 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 Frankreich
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11
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Rajbhandary A, Nilsson BL. Investigating the effects of peptoid substitutions in self-assembly of Fmoc-diphenylalanine derivatives. Biopolymers 2017; 108. [PMID: 27696352 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight agents that undergo self-assembly into fibril networks with hydrogel properties are promising biomaterials. Most low molecular weight hydrogelators are discovered empirically or serendipitously due to imperfect understanding of the mechanisms of self-assembly, the packing structure of self-assembled materials, and how the self-assembly process corresponds to emergent hydrogelation. Herein, the mechanisms of self-assembly and hydrogelation of N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine (Fmoc-PhePhe), a well-studied low molecular weight hydrogelator, is probed by systematic comparison with derivatives in which Phe residues are replaced by corresponding N-benzyl glycine peptoid (Nphe) analogs. Peptoids are peptidomimetics that shift display of side chain functionality from the α-carbon to the terminal nitrogen. This alters the hydrogen bonding capacity, the side chain presentation geometry, amide cis/trans isomerization equilibrium, and β-sheet potential of the peptoid relative to the corresponding amino acid in the context of peptidic polymers. It was found that amino acid/peptoid hybrids Fmoc-Phe-Nphe and Fmoc-Nphe-Phe have altered fibril self-assembly propensity and reduced hydrogelation capacity relative to the parent dipeptide, and that fibril self-assembly of the dipeptoid, Fmoc-Nphe-Nphe, is completely curtailed. These findings provide insight into the potential of low molecular weight peptoids and peptide/peptoid hybrids as hydrogelation agents and illuminate the importance of hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction geometry in facilitating self-assembly of Fmoc-Phe-Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley L Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Du X, Zhou J, Shi J, Xu B. Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13165-307. [PMID: 26646318 PMCID: PMC4936198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1266] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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