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A thermoresponsive cationic block copolymer brush-grafted silica bead interface for temperature-modulated separation of adipose-derived stem cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Temperature-responsive chromatography for bioseparations: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1138:191-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Nagase K, Uchikawa N, Hirotani T, Akimoto AM, Kanazawa H. Thermoresponsive anionic copolymer brush-grafted surfaces for cell separation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 185:110565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Nagase K, Inanaga D, Ichikawa D, Mizutani Akimoto A, Hattori Y, Kanazawa H. Temperature-modulated cell-separation column using temperature-responsive cationic copolymer hydrogel-modified silica beads. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 178:253-262. [PMID: 30875584 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is strong demand for cell separation methods that do not decrease cell activity or modify cell surfaces. Here, new temperature-modulated cell-separation columns not requiring cell-surface premodification are described. The columns were packed with temperature-responsive cationic polymer hydrogel-modified silica beads. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-n-butyl methacrylate-co-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide) hydrogels with various cationic moieties were attached to silica-bead surfaces by radical polymerization using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent. The beads were packed into solid-phase extraction columns, and temperature-dependent cell elution from the columns was found using HL-60 and Jurkat cells. The retention HL-60 and Jurkat cells in columns containing cationic beads at 37 °C was 95.3% to 99.6% and 95.0% to 98.8%, respectively. By contrast, beads without cationic properties exhibited low cell retention (20.6% for HL-60 and 32.5% for Jurkat cells). The cells were mainly retained through both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The retained HL-60 (4.9%) and Jurkat cells (40%) were eluted at 4 °C from the column with a low composition of cationic monomer (DMAPAAm, 1 mol% in copolymer), because the temperature-responsive hydrogels on the beads became hydrophilic, decreasing the hydrophobic interactions between the cells and the beads. A higher number of Jurkat cells than HL-60 cells were eluted because of differences in their electrostatic properties (Jurkat cells: -2.53 mV; HL-60 cells: -20.7 mV). The results indicated that cell retention by the hydrogel-coated beads packed in a solid phase extraction column could be modulated simply by changing the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Daimu Inanaga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Daiju Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hattori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
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Smart, biocompatible, responsive surfaces on pH, temperature and ionic strength of titanium oxide and niobium oxide with polymer brushes of poly(acrylic acid), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride). Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Koriyama T, Takayama Y, Hisatsune C, Asoh TA, Kikuchi A. Interaction of bioactive compounds on capillary inner surfaces bearing a dense thermoresponsive polymer brush. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 28:900-912. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1259546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Koriyama
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takayama
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Hisatsune
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kikuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Guo H, Jeong JH, Kim JC. Electrospun thermo-responsive nanofibers of poly(hydroxyethylacrylate-co-coumaryl acrylate-co-ethylmethacrylate). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Wang HS, Song M, Hang TJ. Functional Interfaces Constructed by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization for Analytical Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2881-2898. [PMID: 26785308 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The high-value applications of functional polymers in analytical science generally require well-defined interfaces, including precisely synthesized molecular architectures and compositions. Controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) has been developed as a versatile and powerful tool for the preparation of polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and predetermined molecular weights. Among the CRP system, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) are well-used to develop new materials for analytical science, such as surface-modified core-shell particles, monoliths, MIP micro- or nanospheres, fluorescent nanoparticles, and multifunctional materials. In this review, we summarize the emerging functional interfaces constructed by RAFT and ATRP for applications in analytical science. Various polymers with precisely controlled architectures including homopolymers, block copolymers, molecular imprinted copolymers, and grafted copolymers were synthesized by CRP methods for molecular separation, retention, or sensing. We expect that the CRP methods will become the most popular technique for preparing functional polymers that can be broadly applied in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Song Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tai-Jun Hang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Nanjing 210009, China
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10
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Nagase K, Okano T. Thermoresponsive-polymer-based materials for temperature-modulated bioanalysis and bioseparations. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:6381-6397. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, bioseparations using thermoresponsive polymers are summarized. Thermoresponsive chromatography for separating bioactive compounds and proteins, and cell separations using thermoresponsive polymers and their properties are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science
- Tokyo Women's Medical University
- TWIns
- Tokyo 162-8666
- Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science
- Tokyo Women's Medical University
- TWIns
- Tokyo 162-8666
- Japan
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11
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Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Stimuli-responsive materials in analytical separation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4927-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Li JJ, Zhou YN, Luo ZH. Thermal-Responsive Block Copolymers for Surface with Reversible Switchable Wettability. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503610n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Li
- Department of
Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of
Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of
Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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13
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Panahian P, Salami-Kalajahi M, Salami Hosseini M. Synthesis of Dual Thermosensitive and pH-Sensitive Hollow Nanospheres Based on Poly(acrylic acid-b-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) via an Atom Transfer Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Radical Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500892b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Panahian
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Institute of Polymeric
Materials, Sahand University of Technology, P.O.
Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Institute of Polymeric
Materials, Sahand University of Technology, P.O.
Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Salami Hosseini
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Institute of Polymeric
Materials, Sahand University of Technology, P.O.
Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Raczkowska J, Ohar M, Stetsyshyn Y, Zemła J, Awsiuk K, Rysz J, Fornal K, Bernasik A, Ohar H, Fedorova S, Shtapenko O, Polovkovych S, Novikov V, Budkowski A. Temperature-responsive peptide-mimetic coating based on poly(N-methacryloyl-l-leucine): properties, protein adsorption and cell growth. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 118:270-9. [PMID: 24780433 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-methacryloyl-l-leucine) (PNML) coatings were successfully fabricated via polymerization from peroxide initiator grafted to premodified glass substrate. Chemical composition and thickness of PNML coatings were determined using time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF- SIMS) and ellipsometry, respectively. PNML coatings exhibit thermal response of the wettability, between 4 and 28°C, which indicates a transition between hydrated loose coils and hydrophobic collapsed chains. Morphology of the PNML coating was observed with the AFM, transforming with increasing temperature from initially relatively smooth surface to rough and more structured surface. Protein adsorption observed by fluorescence microscopy for model proteins (bovine serum albumin and lentil lectin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate) at transition from 5 to 25°C, showed high affinity of PNML coating to proteins at all investigated temperatures and pH. Thus, PNML coating have significant potential for medical and biotechnological applications as protein capture agents or functional replacements of antibodies ("plastic antibodies"). The high proliferation growth of the human embryonic kidney cell (HEK 293) onto PNML coating was demonstrated, indicating its excellent cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Raczkowska
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Mariya Ohar
- "Lvivska Polytechnika" National University, S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- "Lvivska Polytechnika" National University, S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Joanna Zemła
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Awsiuk
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Rysz
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Fornal
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halyna Ohar
- "Lvivska Polytechnika" National University, S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Fedorova
- Institute of Animal Biology, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukrainian, Vasyl' Stus Str. 38, 79034 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Shtapenko
- Institute of Animal Biology, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukrainian, Vasyl' Stus Str. 38, 79034 Lviv, Ukraine
| | | | - Volodymyr Novikov
- "Lvivska Polytechnika" National University, S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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15
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Nikdel M, Salami-Kalajahi M, Salami Hosseini M. Synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid)-grafted graphene oxide nanosheets via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Shi XJ, Chen GJ, Wang YW, Yuan L, Zhang Q, Haddleton DM, Chen H. Control the wettability of poly(n-isopropylacrylamide-co-1-adamantan-1-ylmethyl acrylate) modified surfaces: the more Ada, the bigger impact? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14188-14195. [PMID: 24152189 DOI: 10.1021/la4037748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated SET-LRP was used to synthesize polymer brush containing N-isopropylacrylamide and adamantyl acrylate using Cu(I)Cl/Me6-TREN as precursor catalyst and isopropanol/H2O as solvent. Different reaction conditions were explored to investigate the influence of different parameters (reaction time, catalyst concentration, monomer concentration) on the polymerization. Copolymers with variable 1-adamantan-1-ylmethyl acrylate (Ada) content and comparable thickness were synthesized onto silicon surfaces. Furthermore, the hydrophilic and bioactive molecule β-cyclodextrin-(mannose)7 (CDm) was synthesized and complexed with adamantane via host-guest interaction. The effect of adamantane alone and the effect of CDm together with adamantane on the wettability and thermoresponsive property of surface were investigated in detail. Experimental and molecular structure analysis showed that Ada at certain content together with CDm has the greatest impact on surface wettability. When Ada content was high (20%), copolymer-CDm surfaces showed almost no CDm complexed with Ada as the result of steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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Idota N, Ebara M, Kotsuchibashi Y, Narain R, Aoyagi T. Novel temperature-responsive polymer brushes with carbohydrate residues facilitate selective adhesion and collection of hepatocytes. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:064206. [PMID: 27877533 PMCID: PMC5099766 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive glycopolymer brushes were designed to investigate the effects of grafting architectures of the copolymers on the selective adhesion and collection of hypatocytes. Homo, random and block sequences of N-isopropylacrylamide and 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate were grafted on glass substrates via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The galactose/lactose-specific lectin RCA120 and HepG2 cells were used to test for specific recognition of the polymer brushes containing galactose residues over the lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs). RCA120 showed a specific binding to the brush surfaces at 37 °C. These brush surfaces also facilitated the adhesion of HepG2 cells at 37 °C under nonserum conditions, whereas no adhesion was observed for NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. When the temperature was decreased to 25 °C, almost all the HepG2 cells detached from the block copolymer brush, whereas the random copolymer brush did not release the cells. The difference in releasing kinetics of cells from the surfaces with different grafting architectures can be explained by the correlated effects of significant changes in LCST, mobility, hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of the grafted polymer chains. These findings are important for designing 'on-off' cell capture/release substrates for various biomedical applications such as selective cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Idota
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yohei Kotsuchibashi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Alberta Ingenuity Center for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2G6, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Alberta Ingenuity Center for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2G6, Canada
| | - Takao Aoyagi
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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