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Li M, Zhao D, Yan J, Fu X, Li F, Liu G, Fan Y, Liang Y, Zhang X. A Redox-Triggered Autophagy-Induced Nanoplatform with PD-L1 Inhibition for Enhancing Combined Chemo-Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12870-12884. [PMID: 38727063 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Epirubicin (EPI) alone can trigger mildly protective autophagy in residual tumor cells, resulting in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This accelerates the recurrence of residual tumors and leads to antiprogrammed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-1)/PD-L1 therapy resistance, posing a significant clinical challenge in tumor immunotherapy. The combination of checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and amplifying autophagy presents an innovative approach to tumor treatment, which can prevent tumor immune escape and enhance therapeutic recognition. Herein, we aimed to synthesize a redox-triggered autophagy-induced nanoplatform with SA&EA-induced PD-L1 inhibition. The hyaluronic acid (HA) skeleton and arginine segment promoted active nanoplatform targeting, cell uptake, and penetration. The PLGLAG peptide was cleaved by overexpressing matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the tumor microenvironment, and the PD-L1 inhibitor D-PPA was released to inhibit tumor immune escape. The intense autophagy inducers, STF-62247 and EPI, were released owing to the cleavage of disulfide bonds influenced by the high glutathione (GSH) concentration in tumor cells. The combination of EPI and STF induced apoptosis and autophagic cell death, effectively eliminating a majority of tumor cells. This indicated that the SA&EA nanoplatform has better therapeutic efficacy than the single STF@AHMPP and EPI@AHMPTP groups. This research provided a way to set up a redox-triggered autophagy-induced nanoplatform with PD-L1 inhibition to enhance chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianqin Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Xiaoheng Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, No.971 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Fashun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Gecen Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Long X, Wang H, Yan J, Li Y, Dong X, Tian S, Sun Y, Luo K, He B, Liang Y. Tailor-Made Autophagy Cascade Amplification Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Tumor Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207898. [PMID: 36932938 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) by triggering autophagy and mediate antitumor immunotherapy. However, using chemotherapeutics alone can only cause mild cell-protective autophagy and be incapable of inducing sufficient ICD efficacy. The participation of autophagy inducer is competent to enhance autophagy, so the level of ICD is promoted and the effect of antitumor immunotherapy is highly increased. Herein, tailor-made autophagy cascade amplification polymeric nanoparticles STF@AHPPE are constructed to enhance tumor immunotherapy. Arginine (Arg), polyethyleneglycol-polycaprolactone, and epirubicin (EPI) are grafted onto hyaluronic acid (HA) via disulfide bond to form the AHPPE nanoparticles and autophagy inducer STF-62247 (STF) is loaded. When STF@AHPPE nanoparticles target to tumor tissues and efficiently enter into tumor cells with the help of HA and Arg, the high glutathione concentration leads to the cleavage of disulfide bond and the release of EPI and STF. Finally, STF@AHPPE induces violent cytotoxic autophagy and strong ICD efficacy. As compared to AHPPE nanoparticles, STF@AHPPE nanoparticles kill the most tumor cells and show the more obvious ICD efficacy and immune activation ability. This work provides a novel strategy for combining tumor chemo-immunotherapy with autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Long
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Jianqin Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Sijia Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
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Hussain MS, Faisal KS, Clulow AJ, Albrecht H, Krasowska M, Blencowe A. Influence of Lyophilization and Cryoprotection on the Stability and Morphology of Drug-Loaded Poly(ethylene glycol- b-ε-caprolactone) Micelles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081974. [PMID: 37112121 PMCID: PMC10146133 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are promising carriers for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, providing enhanced drug solubility, blood circulation times, and bioavailability. Nevertheless, the storage and long-term stability of micelles in solution present challenges requiring the lyophilization and storage of formulations in the solid state, with reconstitution immediately prior to application. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of lyophilization/reconstitution on micelles, particularly their drug-loaded counterparts. Herein, we investigated the use of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a cryoprotectant for the lyophilization/reconstitution of a library of poly(ethylene glycol-b-ε-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) copolymer micelles and their drug-loaded counterparts, as well as the effect of the physiochemical properties of different drugs (phloretin and gossypol). The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of the copolymers decreased with increasing weight fraction of the PCL block (fPCL), plateauing at ~1 mg/L when the fPCL was >0.45. The blank (empty) and drug-loaded micelles were lyophilized/reconstituted in the absence and presence of β-CD (9% w/w) and analyzed via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to assess for changes in aggregate size (hydrodynamic diameter, Dh) and morphology, respectively. Regardless of the PEG-b-PCL copolymer or the use of β-CD, the blank micelles displayed poor redispersibility (<10% relative to the initial concentration), while the fraction that redispersed displayed similar Dh to the as-prepared micelles, increasing in Dh as the fPCL of the PEG-b-PCL copolymer increased. While most blank micelles displayed discrete morphologies, the addition of β-CD or lyophilization/reconstitution generally resulted in the formation of poorly defined aggregates. Similar results were also obtained for drug-loaded micelles, with the exception of several that retained their primary morphology following lyophilization/reconstitution, although no obvious trends were noted between the microstructure of the copolymers or the physicochemical properties of the drugs and their successful redispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saddam Hussain
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Khandokar Sadique Faisal
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Drug Discovery and Development Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Xie L, Liu R, Chen X, He M, Zhang Y, Chen S. Micelles Based on Lysine, Histidine, or Arginine: Designing Structures for Enhanced Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:744657. [PMID: 34646819 PMCID: PMC8503256 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.744657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural amino acids and their derivatives are excellent building blocks of polymers for various biomedical applications owing to the non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and ease of multifunctionalization. In the present review, we summarized the common approaches to designing and constructing functional polymeric micelles based on basic amino acids including lysine, histidine, and arginine and highlighted their applications as drug carriers for cancer therapy. Different polypeptide architectures including linear polypeptides and dendrimers were developed for efficient drug loading and delivery. Besides, polylysine- and polyhistidine-based micelles could enable pH-responsive drug release, and polyarginine can realize enhanced membrane penetration and gas therapy by generating metabolites of nitric oxide (NO). It is worth mentioning that according to the structural or functional characteristics of basic amino acids and their derivatives, key points for designing functional micelles with excellent drug delivery efficiency are importantly elaborated in order to pave the way for exploring micelles based on basic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei He
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Li S, Liang N, Yan P, Kawashima Y, Sun S. Inclusion complex based on N-acetyl-L-cysteine and arginine modified hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for oral insulin delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Bunker A, Róg T. Mechanistic Understanding From Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Pharmaceutical Research 1: Drug Delivery. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:604770. [PMID: 33330633 PMCID: PMC7732618 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.604770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we outline the growing role that molecular dynamics simulation is able to play as a design tool in drug delivery. We cover both the pharmaceutical and computational backgrounds, in a pedagogical fashion, as this review is designed to be equally accessible to pharmaceutical researchers interested in what this new computational tool is capable of and experts in molecular modeling who wish to pursue pharmaceutical applications as a context for their research. The field has become too broad for us to concisely describe all work that has been carried out; many comprehensive reviews on subtopics of this area are cited. We discuss the insight molecular dynamics modeling has provided in dissolution and solubility, however, the majority of the discussion is focused on nanomedicine: the development of nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Here we focus on three areas where molecular dynamics modeling has had a particularly strong impact: (1) behavior in the bloodstream and protective polymer corona, (2) Drug loading and controlled release, and (3) Nanoparticle interaction with both model and biological membranes. We conclude with some thoughts on the role that molecular dynamics simulation can grow to play in the development of new drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zhou Y, Han S, Liang Z, Zhao M, Liu G, Wu J. Progress in arginine-based gene delivery systems. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5564-5577. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00498g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arginine based gene delivery systems with enhanced membrane penetration and lower cytotoxicity greatly enrich the gene vectors library and outline a new development direction of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Shuyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhiqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Shenzhen Lansi Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Guiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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Yan C, Liang N, Li Q, Yan P, Sun S. Biotin and arginine modified hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles as novel drug delivery systems for paclitaxel. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:129-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Prabakaran S, Jeyaraj M, Nagaraj A, Sadasivuni KK, Rajan M. Polymethyl methacrylate–ovalbumin @ graphene oxide drug carrier system for high anti-proliferative cancer drug delivery. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-00950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Lu Z, Bu C, Hu W, Zhang H, Liu M, Lu M, Zhai G. Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of quercetin-loaded mixed micelles for oral delivery. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:238-246. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1419852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Quercetin (QT) is a plant polyphenol with various pharmacological properties. However, the low water solubility limits its therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, QT-loaded sodium taurocholate-Pluronic P123 (QT-loaded ST/P123) mixed micelles were developed and characterized, and the effect of the formulation on improving the water solubility of QT was investigated. QT-loaded ST/P123 mixed micelles were prepared by thin film hydration-direct dissolution and optimized by uniform design. The optimal formulation possessed high drug loading (12.6%) and entrapment efficiency (95.9%) in small (16.20 nm) spherically-shaped micelles. A low critical micelle concentration indicated that the micelles were stable, and they showed a sustained release pattern, as determined in vitro in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid. Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed the Cmax and AUC0–24 were 1.8-fold and 1.6-fold higher than the QT suspension. The present results indicate that QT-loaded ST/P123 micelles are potential candidates to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of QT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taian Rongjun Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Cuiping Bu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengrui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meiqi Lu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zhang Y, Luo S, Liang Y, Zhang H, Peng X, He B, Li S. Synthesis, characterization, and property of biodegradable PEG-PCL-PLA terpolymers with miktoarm star and triblock architectures as drug carriers. J Biomater Appl 2018; 32:1139-1152. [PMID: 29298551 DOI: 10.1177/0885328217751247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic terpolymers with miktoarm star and triblock architectures of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(l-lactide acid) (PLLA) or poly(DL-lactide acid) (PDLLA) terpolymers were synthesized as carriers for drug delivery. The architecture, molecular weight and crystallization behavior of the terpolymers were characterized. Anticancer drug doxorubicin was encapsulated in the micelles to investigate their drug loading properties. The miktoarm star terpolymers exhibited stronger crystallization capability, smaller size and better stability than that of triblock polymeric micelle, owing to the lower CMC values of miktoarm star polymeric micelle. Furthermore, the drug-loaded miktoarm star polymeric micelles showed the cumulative DOX release account of the micelles with PDLLA blocks was 65.3% while the release account of the corresponding micelles containing PLLA blocks was 45.2%. The IC50 values of drug-loaded miktoarm star polymeric micelle were lower than triblock polymeric micelle. Meanwhile, Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Flow Cytometry results demonstrated that the miktoarm star micelles were more favorable for cellular internalization. The miktoarm star micelles with PDLLA blocks were promising carriers for anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- 1 National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Song Luo
- 1 National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yan Liang
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- 1 National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xinyu Peng
- 1 National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Bin He
- 1 National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Sai Li
- 3 School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Praphakar RA, Munusamy MA, Rajan M. Development of extended-voyaging anti-oxidant Linked Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanomicelles for Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Berlinck RGS, Bertonha AF, Takaki M, Rodriguez JPG. The chemistry and biology of guanidine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1264-1301. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and biology of natural guanidines isolated from microbial culture media, from marine invertebrates, as well as from terrestrial plants and animals, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane F. Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Mirelle Takaki
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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