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Grodzicka M, Michlewska S, Buczkowski A, Sekowski S, Pena-Gonzalez CE, Ortega P, de la Mata FJ, Blasiak J, Bryszewska M, Ionov M. A new class of polyphenolic carbosilane dendrimers binds human serum albumin in a structure-dependent fashion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5946. [PMID: 38467715 PMCID: PMC10928121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of dendrimers as drug and nucleic acid delivery systems requires knowledge of their interactions with objects on their way to the target. In the present work, we investigated the interaction of a new class of carbosilane dendrimers functionalized with polyphenolic and caffeic acid residues with human serum albumin, which is the most abundant blood protein. The addition of dendrimers to albumin solution decreased the zeta potential of albumin/dendrimer complexes as compared to free albumin, increased density of the fibrillary form of albumin, shifted fluorescence spectrum towards longer wavelengths, induced quenching of tryptophan fluorescence, and decreased ellipticity of circular dichroism resulting from a reduction in the albumin α-helix for random coil structural form. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that, on average, one molecule of albumin was bound by 6-10 molecules of dendrimers. The zeta size confirmed the binding of the dendrimers to albumin. The interaction of dendrimers and albumin depended on the number of caffeic acid residues and polyethylene glycol modifications in the dendrimer structure. In conclusion, carbosilane polyphenolic dendrimers interact with human albumin changing its structure and electrical properties. However, the consequences of such interaction for the efficacy and side effects of these dendrimers as drug/nucleic acid delivery system requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Grodzicka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
- Department of General Biophysics, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 21/23 Matejki, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam Buczkowski
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Sekowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Cornelia E Pena-Gonzalez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Spain and Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Colmenar Viejo Road, Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ortega
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Spain and Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Colmenar Viejo Road, Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Spain and Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Colmenar Viejo Road, Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian Academy in Plock, Pl. Dabrowskiego 2, 09-402, Plock, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maksim Ionov
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian Academy in Plock, Pl. Dabrowskiego 2, 09-402, Plock, Poland.
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Ardabevskaia SN, Chamkina ES, Krasnova IY, Milenin SA, Sukhova EA, Boldyrev KL, Bakirov AV, Serenko OA, Shifrina ZB, Muzafarov AM. Controllable Synthesis of Hybrid Dendrimers Composed of a Carbosilane Core and an Aromatic Shell: Does Size Matter? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415461. [PMID: 36555101 PMCID: PMC9779566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The controllable synthesis of novel hybrid dendrimers composed of flexible and rigid components was accomplished via effective Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition ("click") reaction between azide-functionalized carbosilane cores of two generations and monoethynyl-substituted hexaphenylbenzene dendron. A comprehensive analysis of the thermal and phase behavior of dendrimers allows us to detect a similar performance of dendrimers of both generations which, in our opinion, can be due to the similar ratio of rigid and flexible blocks in the dendrimers regardless the generation of carbosilane cores. The propensity to crystallization and ordering after the annealing procedure was confirmed by DSC and SWAXS. We found that hybrid dendrimers have a tendency to order depending on their constituents of different structures. This is in contrast to homogeneous dendrimers whose propensity to order is determined by the dendrimer molecule as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N. Ardabevskaia
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., 117393 Moscow, Russia
- Research Laboratory of New Silicone Materials and Technologies, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125 Lenin Ave., Building 4, 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - Elena S. Chamkina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Yu. Krasnova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Milenin
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., 117393 Moscow, Russia
- Research Laboratory of New Silicone Materials and Technologies, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125 Lenin Ave., Building 4, 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Sukhova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin L. Boldyrev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Bakirov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., 117393 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Serenko
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zinaida B. Shifrina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Aziz M. Muzafarov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., 117393 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Terehova M, Dzmitruk V, Abashkin V, Kirakosyan G, Ghukasyan G, Bryszewska M, Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Ionov M, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Mignani S, Shi X, Majoral JP, Sukhodola A, Shcharbin D. Comparison of the effects of dendrimer, micelle and silver nanoparticles on phospholipase A2 structure. J Biotechnol 2021; 331:48-52. [PMID: 33727080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of nanoparticles (NP) with proteins (the so-called 'protein corona') is a huge challenge in attempting to apply them in personalized nanomedicine. We have analyzed the interaction between A) two 'soft' NPs (a cationic phosphorus dendrimer of generation 3; a cationic phosphorus amphiphilic dendron of generation 2), and B) one 'hard' nanoparticle (silver NP covered with cationic carbosilane dendritic moieties); and membrane-bound protein phospholipase A2 from bovine pancreas. The hard and soft NPs have differences in the nature of their interactions with phospholipase A2. This enzyme surrounds hard AgNP, whereas dendrimer and amphiphilic dendron form aggregates/micelles with phospholipase A2. There is a difference in action of phospholipase A2 bound to the core of dendrimer, and of micelles formed from non-covalent interactions between the amphiphilic dendron. These data are important in understanding the nature of interaction between different kinds of nanoparticles and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Terehova
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Volha Dzmitruk
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Viktar Abashkin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Maksim Ionov
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine(CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine(CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Serge Mignani
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques CNRS UMR 860 Université Paris Descartes PRES Sorbone Paris Cité, rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Toulouse, 31077 Cedex 4, France
| | - Aleksandr Sukhodola
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of NASB, Skoriny str. 68, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dzmitry Shcharbin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus.
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4
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Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Horodecka K, Shcharbin D, Bryszewska M. Nanoparticles in Combating Cancer: Opportunities and Limitations. A Brief Review. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:346-359. [PMID: 32000637 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200130101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a good alternative to traditional methods of cancer treatment but does not solve all the limitations of oncology. Nanoparticles used in anticancer therapy can work as carriers of drugs, nucleic acids, imaging agents or they can sensitize cells to radiation. The present review focuses on the application of nanoparticles to treating cancer, as well as on its problems and limitations. Using nanoparticles as drug carriers, significant improvement in the efficiency of transport of compounds and their targeting directly to the tumour has been achieved; it also reduces the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on the body. However, nanoparticles do not significantly improve the effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic agent itself. Most nanodrugs can reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy, but do not significantly affect the effectiveness of treatment. Nanodrugs should be developed that can be effective as an anti-metastatic treatment, e.g. by enhancing the ability of nanoparticles to transport chemotherapeutic loads to sentinel lymph nodes using the immune system and developing chemotherapy in specific metastatic areas. Gene therapy, however, is the most modern method of treating cancer, the cause of cancer being tackled by altering genetic material. Other applications of nanoparticles for radiotherapy and diagnostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pedziwiatr-Werbicka
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Experimental Protection, Department of General Biophysics, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Horodecka
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Experimental Protection, Department of General Biophysics, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dzmitry Shcharbin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Experimental Protection, Department of General Biophysics, Lodz, Poland
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5
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Pędziwiatr-Werbicka E, Gorzkiewicz M, Horodecka K, Lach D, Barrios-Gumiel A, Sánchez-Nieves J, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Bryszewska M. PEGylation of Dendronized Gold Nanoparticles Affects Their Interaction with Thrombin and siRNA. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1196-1206. [PMID: 33481607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of nonviral carriers based on nanomaterials is a promising strategy for modern gene therapy aimed at protecting the genetic material against degradation and enabling its efficient cellular uptake. To improve the effectiveness of nanocarriers in vivo, they are often modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to reduce their toxicity, limit nonspecific binding by proteins in the bloodstream, and extend blood half-life. Thus, the selection of an appropriate degree of surface PEGylation is crucial to preserve the interaction of nanoparticles with the genetic material and to ensure its efficient transport to the site of action. Our research focuses on the use of innovative gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with cationic carbosilane dendrons as carriers of siRNA. In this study, using dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements, circular dichroism, and gel electrophoresis, we investigated dendronized AuNPs modified to varying degrees with PEG in terms of their interactions with siRNA and thrombin to select the most promising PEGylated carrier for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Pędziwiatr-Werbicka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Gorzkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Horodecka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominika Lach
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrea Barrios-Gumiel
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Chemistry Institute "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Chemistry Institute "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Chemistry Institute "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Chemistry Institute "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Milenin SA, Cherkaev GV, Demchenko NV, Serkova ES, Krasnova IY, Selezneva EV, Buzin MI, Bakirov AV, Vasil’ev VG, Shifrina ZB, Chvalun SN, Muzafarov AM. Influence of the Growing Flexible Shell on the Molecular Behavior of Hybrid Dendrimers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Milenin
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Georgy V. Cherkaev
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Nina V. Demchenko
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Elena S. Serkova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina Yu. Krasnova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Selezneva
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Mikhail I. Buzin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Artem V. Bakirov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., Moscow 117393, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Viktor G. Vasil’ev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Zinaida B. Shifrina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Chvalun
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Aziz M. Muzafarov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya St., Moscow 117393, Russia
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7
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Generation Dependent Effects and Entrance to Mitochondria of Hybrid Dendrimers on Normal and Cancer Neuronal Cells In Vitro. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030427. [PMID: 32182909 PMCID: PMC7175207 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers as drug carriers can be utilized for drugs and siRNA delivery in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including various types of cancers, such as neuroblastomas and gliomas. They have also been considered as drugs per se, for example as anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD), anti-cancer, anti-prion or anti-inflammatory agents. Since the influence of carbosilane-viologen-phosphorus dendrimers (SMT1 and SMT2) on the basic cellular processes of nerve cells had not been investigated, we examined the impact of two generations of these hybrid macromolecules on two murine cell lines-cancer cell line N2a (mouse neuroblastoma) and normal immortalized cell line mHippoE-18 (embryonic mouse hippocampal cell line). We examined alterations in cellular responses including the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and morphological modifications and fractions of apoptotic and dead cells. Our results show that both dendrimers at low concentrations affected the cancer cell line more than the normal one. Also, generation-dependent effects were found: the highest generation induced greater cytotoxic effects and morphological modifications. The most promising is that the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicate that dendrimer SMT1 can reach mitochondria. Thus, SMT1 and SMT2 seem to have potential as nanocarriers to mitochondria or anti-cancer drugs per se in CNS disorders.
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Proximity ligation assay induced hairpin to DNAzyme structure switching for entropy-driven amplified detection of thrombin. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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