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Hartl N, Gabold B, Uhl P, Kromer A, Xiao X, Fricker G, Mier W, Liu R, Merkel OM. ApoE-functionalization of nanoparticles for targeted brain delivery-a feasible method for polyplexes? Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1660-1677. [PMID: 38087181 PMCID: PMC11052808 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a major obstacle in the treatment of all types of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) offers in principle a promising therapeutic approach by downregulating disease-related genes via RNA interference. However, the BBB is a formidable barrier for macromolecules such as nucleic acids. In an effort to develop a brain-targeted strategy for siRNA delivery systems formed by electrostatic interactions with cationic polymers (polyplexes (PXs)), we investigated the suitability of the well-known surfactant-based approach for Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of this present work was to investigate if ApoE coating of siRNA PXs formed with cationic branched 25-kDa poly(ethyleneimine) (b-PEI) and nylon-3 polymers without or after precoating with polysorbate 80 (PS 80) would promote successful delivery across the BBB. We utilized highly hydrophobic NM0.2/CP0.8 nylon-3 polymers to evaluate the effects of hydrophobic cyclopentyl (CP) subunits on ApoE binding efficacy and observed successful ApoE binding with and without PS 80 precoating to the nylon-3 but not the PEI polyplexes. Accordingly, ApoE-coated nylon-3 polyplexes showed significantly increased uptake and gene silencing in U87 glioma cells but no benefit in vivo. In conclusion, further optimization of ApoE-functionalized polyplexes and more sophisticated in vitro models are required to achieve more successful in vitro-in vivo translation in future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Hartl
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Gabold
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Uhl
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian Kromer
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ximian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Gert Fricker
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Zawadzki S, Martín-Serrano Á, Okła E, Kędzierska M, Garcia-Gallego S, López PO, de la Mata FJ, Michlewska S, Makowski T, Ionov M, Pędziwiatr-Werbicka E, Bryszewska M, Miłowska K. Synthesis and biophysical evaluation of carbosilane dendrimers as therapeutic siRNA carriers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1615. [PMID: 38238354 PMCID: PMC10796380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy presents an innovative approach to the treatment of previously incurable diseases. The advancement of research in the field of nanotechnology has the potential to overcome the current limitations and challenges of conventional therapy methods, and therefore to unlocking the full potential of dendrimers for use in the gene therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant challenge when delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the biophysical properties of dendrimers and their complexes with siRNA directed against the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene to identify an appropriate nanocarrier capable of safely delivering the cargo across the BBB. Our study yielded valuable insights into the complexation process, stability over time, the mechanisms of interaction, the influence of dendrimers on the oligonucleotide's spatial structure, and the potential cytotoxic effects on human cerebral microvascular endothelium cells. Based on our findings, we identified that the dendrimer G3Si PEG6000 was an optimal candidate for further research, potentially serving as a nanocarrier capable of safely delivering therapeutic agents across the BBB for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafin Zawadzki
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 21/23 Matejki St., 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ángela Martín-Serrano
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elżbieta Okła
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Kędzierska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sandra Garcia-Gallego
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula O López
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Makowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maksim Ionov
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 2 Dabrowskiego Sq, 09-402, Plock, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pędziwiatr-Werbicka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miłowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
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3
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PAMAM versus PEI complexation for siRNA delivery: interaction with model lipid membranes and cellular uptake. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1151-1163. [PMID: 35318566 PMCID: PMC9197904 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cationic polymers have many advantages as vectors for mediated cellular entry and delivery of siRNA. However, toxicity related to their cationic charge has compromised clinical use. It is hypothesized that the siRNA-vector complex composition and properties can be controlled to optimize therapeutic performance. Here we investigate siRNA complexes with branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) versus generation 4 polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) on interactions with immobilized lipid membranes, and cellular uptake and toxicity. Methods A model siRNA was complexed with either PAMAM or bPEI, and their size and zeta-potential characterized. Interaction of the complexes and parent polymers with lipid bilayers was investigated using atomic force microscopy and correlated with the uptake and toxicity in HeLa cells. Results PAMAM and its siRNA complexes formed circular shaped micron-sized holes in lipid bilayers, while bPEI formed nanoscale holes. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated PAMAM-siRNA complexes to have a higher cellular uptake than bPEI-siRNA complexes. bPEI-siRNA complexes did not impact on viability, however PAMAM-siRNA complexes demonstrated increasing cell toxicity as N/P ratio increased. PAMAM-siRNA complexes accumulated around the cell nucleus, while PEI-siRNA complexes were located closer to the cell wall. Conclusion Complexation of PAMAM dendrimer or bPEI with siRNA modified physicochemical properties of the parent polymer, however it did not impact on the mechanism of interaction with model lipid bilayers or how the polymer/siRNA complex interacted and was internalized by HeLa cells. Interaction of siRNA polymer complexes with cells is related to the action of the parent polymer. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Białkowska K, Miłowska K, Michlewska S, Sokołowska P, Komorowski P, Lozano-Cruz T, Gomez-Ramirez R, de la Mata FJ, Bryszewska M. Interaction of Cationic Carbosilane Dendrimers and Their siRNA Complexes with MCF-7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137097. [PMID: 34281151 PMCID: PMC8269323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of siRNA in gene therapy is mainly limited because of the problems with its transport into cells. Utilization of cationic dendrimers as siRNA carriers seems to be a promising solution in overcoming these issues, due to their positive charge and ability to penetrate cell membranes. The following two types of carbosilane dendrimers were examined: CBD-1 and CBD-2. Dendrimers were complexed with pro-apoptotic siRNA (Mcl-1 and Bcl-2) and the complexes were characterized by measuring their zeta potential, circular dichroism and fluorescence of ethidium bromide associated with dendrimers. CBD-2/siRNA complexes were also examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Both dendrimers form complexes with siRNA. Moreover, the cellular uptake and influence on the cell viability of the dendrimers and dendriplexes were evaluated using microscopic methods and XTT assay on MCF-7 cells. Microscopy showed that both dendrimers can transport siRNA into cells; however, a cytotoxicity assay showed differences in the toxicity of these dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Białkowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.)
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, “Bionanopark” Ldt., 114/116 Dubois St., 93-465 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Miłowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paulina Sokołowska
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, “Bionanopark” Ldt., 114/116 Dubois St., 93-465 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego St. 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, “Bionanopark” Ldt., 114/116 Dubois St., 93-465 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tania Lozano-Cruz
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.L.-C.); (R.G.-R.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gomez-Ramirez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.L.-C.); (R.G.-R.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IQAR, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.L.-C.); (R.G.-R.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.)
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Kheiriabad S, Ghaffari M, Dolatabadi JEN, Hamblin MR. PAMAM Dendrimers as a Delivery System for Small Interfering RNA. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2115:91-106. [PMID: 32006396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0290-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) form positively charged nanoparticles that function as nonviral delivery vectors for gene therapy. They protect nucleic acids from enzymatic degradation and facilitate endocytosis and endosomal escape. In this chapter, we describe the preparation and in vitro evaluation of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-PAMAM dendrimers. The physicochemical properties of the designed formulations were evaluated by size and zeta potential assessment and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The binding and release of the siRNA molecules from the PAMAM dendrimers were also assessed. Visualization and quantitative analysis of the siRNA-PAMAM dendrimers in live cells were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. Improving siRNA delivery to human cells through PAMAM dendrimers should accelerate the clinical applications of RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kheiriabad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaffari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa.
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Li S, Chen B, Qu Y, Yan X, Wang W, Ma X, Wang B, Liu S, Yu X. ROS-Response-Induced Zwitterionic Dendrimer for Gene Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1613-1620. [PMID: 30558421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most promising therapeutic methods, gene therapy has been playing a more and more important role in treating disease due to its ultra-high therapy efficiency. Even if nonviral gene vectors represented by polycation, liposomal, dendrimers, and zwitterionic materials have made great progress in gene complexation, low immunogenicity, and biocompatibility, intracellular gene release with low toxicity is effectively still a bottleneck restricting the clinical application of gene therapy. We designed and synthesized a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive dendrimer poly(amido amine)- N-(4-boronobenzyl)- N, N-diethyl-2-(propionyloxy)ethan-1-aminium (PAMAM-(B-DEAEP)16) as a gene vector whose potential can vary from positive to negative under the elevated ROS (H2O2) in cancerous cells. Dynamic light scattering results showed that the zeta potential of PAMAM-(B-DEAEP)16 decreased from +12.3 to -5 mV under 80 mM H2O2 in PBS buffer. The 1H NMR results demonstrated that the intermediate status of PAMAM-(B-DEAEP)16 was zwitterionic in ∼6 h because it consisted of the positive quaternary ammonium and negative carboxylic acid simultaneously before the ester bond was completely hydrolyzed. Gel retardation assay showed that PAMAM-(B-DEAEP)16 can condense DNA at above N/P = 1; then, PAMAM-(B-DEAEP)16 transfers to zwitterionic, which begins to continuously release DNA with the decrease in the positive charges and increase in the negative charges, and finally to negatively charged poly(amido amine)-propionic acid (PAMAM-PAc16) in the 80 mM H2O2. Fluorescence-labeled Cy-5 DNA indicated that PAMAM-(B-DEAEP)16 can enter into the cell completely in ∼4 h. The results showed that this compound we designed exhibited higher gene transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity than commercial PEI. This is the first time that the positively charged dendrimer was transferred to zwitterionic dendrimer under the stimuli of H2O2 and was successfully applied to gene delivery. Unlike all of the previous reports, we did not seek a compromise between the high gene transfection and low toxicity but find a new avenue to make the gene carrier not only have higher gene transfection efficiency but also exhibit lower toxicity by introducing stimuli-sensitive groups into the positively charged dendrimer to make it capable of adjusting the charge property according to the microenvironment. This study not only provides a good method to design materials for gene delivery but also opens a new perspective to understand the process of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengran Li
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Binggang Chen
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Yangchun Qu
- Department of Radiology , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130033 , China
| | - Xinxin Yan
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
| | - Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
| | - Sanrong Liu
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
| | - Xifei Yu
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites Engineering , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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Singh RP, Hidalgo T, Cazade PA, Darcy R, Cronin MF, Dorin I, O’Driscoll CM, Thompson D. Self-Assembled Cationic β-Cyclodextrin Nanostructures for siRNA Delivery. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1358-1366. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tania Hidalgo
- School of Pharmacy, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pierre-Andre Cazade
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Raphael Darcy
- School of Pharmacy, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael F. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Irina Dorin
- Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Grovewood Road, Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 1XZ, U.K
| | | | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Jeong GW, Nah JW. Evaluation of disulfide bond-conjugated LMWSC-g-bPEI as non-viral vector for low cytotoxicity and efficient gene delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 178:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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