Colloidal HSA – Graphene oxide nanosheets for sustained release of oxaliplatin: Preparation, release mechanism, cytotoxicity and electrochemical approaches

Nanostructures for site-specific delivery of oxaliplatin cancer therapy: Versatile nanoplatforms in synergistic cancer therapy

As a clinically approved treatment strategy, chemotherapy-mediated tumor suppression has been compromised, and in spite of introducing various kinds of anticancer drugs, cancer eradication with chemotherapy is still impossible. Chemotherapy drugs have been beneficial in improving the prognosis of cancer patients, but after resistance emerged, their potential disappeared. Oxaliplatin (OXA) efficacy in tumor suppression has been compromised by resistance. Due to the dysregulation of pathways and mechanisms in OXA resistance, it is suggested to develop novel strategies for overcoming drug resistance. The targeted delivery of OXA by nanostructures is described here. The targeted delivery of OXA in cancer can be mediated by polymeric, metal, lipid and carbon nanostructures. The advantageous of these nanocarriers is that they enhance the accumulation of OXA in tumor and promote its cytotoxicity. Moreover, (nano)platforms mediate the co-delivery of OXA with drugs and genes in synergistic cancer therapy, overcoming OXA resistance and improving insights in cancer patient treatment in the future. Moreover, smart nanostructures, including pH-, redox-, light-, and thermo-sensitive nanostructures, have been designed for OXA delivery and cancer therapy. The application of nanoparticle-mediated phototherapy can increase OXA's potential in cancer suppression. All of these subjects and their clinical implications are discussed in the current review.

Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) in Cancer Therapy: A Database of CNM-Based Nanocarrier Systems

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are an incredibly versatile class of materials that can be used as scaffolds to construct anticancer nanocarrier systems. The ease of chemical functionalisation, biocompatibility, and intrinsic therapeutic capabilities of many of these nanoparticles can be leveraged to design effective anticancer systems. This article is the first comprehensive review of CNM-based nanocarrier systems that incorporate approved chemotherapy drugs, and many different types of CNMs and chemotherapy agents are discussed. Almost 200 examples of these nanocarrier systems have been analysed and compiled into a database. The entries are organised by anticancer drug type, and the composition, drug loading/release metrics, and experimental results from these systems have been compiled. Our analysis reveals graphene, and particularly graphene oxide (GO), as the most frequently employed CNM, with carbon nanotubes and carbon dots following in popularity. Moreover, the database encompasses various chemotherapeutic agents, with antimicrotubule agents being the most common payload due to their compatibility with CNM surfaces. The benefits of the identified systems are discussed, and the factors affecting their efficacy are detailed.

Graphene Oxide Thin Films with Drug Delivery Function

Graphene oxide has been used in different fields of nanomedicine as a manager of drug delivery due to its inherent physical and chemical properties that allow its use in thin films with biomedical applications. Several studies demonstrated its efficacy in the control of the amount and the timely delivery of drugs when it is incorporated in multilayer films. It has been demonstrated that oxide graphene layers are able to work as drug delivery or just to delay consecutive drug dosage, allowing the operation of time-controlled systems. This review presents the latest research developments of biomedical applications using graphene oxide as the main component of a drug delivery system, with focus on the production and characterization of films, in vitro and in vivo assays, main applications of graphene oxide biomedical devices, and its biocompatibility properties.

Permanganate release from silica-based hollow mesoporous coagulant combined with UV for spatiotemporal enrichment and degradation of diclofenac sodium

In this work, the novel hollow mesoporous coagulant was prepared by chitosan-polydopamine coating and permanganate loading into silica nanoparticles for investigating the simultaneous enrichment and degradation of diclofenac sodium (DCFS) combined with ultraviolet irradiation. The enrichment kinetic of DCFS was explained well with pseudo-second-order model, indicating the exist of hydrogen bonding. Based on the correlation coefficients, the enriched isotherms were fitted by models which accorded with the BET > Freundlich > Langmuir sequence. The result showed that, in addition to the coagulant and DCFS, there were aromatic stackings among DCFS molecules. Due to both effects of which, the DCFS enrichment could be realized significantly in the range of pH 4.0-9.0. It was degraded at the copresence of ultraviolet and permanganate released from coagulant in acidic aqueous medium. The release mechanism was simulated through Korsmayer-Peppas model, implying case-II transport and Fickian diffusion. Additionally, Mn (V) and •OH radicals were vital in the DCFS degradation process. The coagulant could be reloaded at least ten times and that from each cycle was used directly for DCFS removal for six times without rinse process, which provided a potential application in environmental remediation.

Increasing the effectiveness of oxaliplatin using colloidal immunoglobulin G nanoparticles: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, interaction, and release studies

A novel biomacromolecule was prepared for a stabilizer sustained anticancer drug release system. Colloidal immunoglobulin G (IgG) nanoparticles (IgGNP) were synthesized and then characterized using FT-IR, SEM, zeta sizer, and AFM. Moreover, the formation of spherical shape IgGNP with an appropriate average size (144.56 ± 2 nm) and a narrow distribution for the drug release was confirmed. Also, the conjugation of oxaliplatin (OX) to IgGNP (OX@IgGNP) was demonstrated via the combination of spectroscopy and physical analyses. In this regard, the interaction was spantaneous with static quenching mechanism. OX caused well dispersity with no agglomeration on IgGNP with an average size of 142.31 ± 4 nm. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency (%EE) and drug loading (%DL) percentages were determined. Accordingly, the release behavior indicated that OX was sustained from IgGNP more than IgG (approximately 150 h) and the highest release amount of OX (100 %) was obtained at acidic medium (pH 5.5). Notably, the kinetic model was zero order and release mechanism followed by diffusion and Fick's model at neutral medium and combination of diffusion and swelling controlled and non-Fickian model at acidic medium. In addition, the anticancer effect of OX@IgGNP was evaluated on the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 using MTT assay and DAPI staining that showed a remarkable efficacy, while the cytotoxicity in human fibroblast cell lines, HFFF2 has decreased. In this study, gene expression was investigated using real time PCR, which verified IgGNP induced programmed cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cell more effectively than free OX. Subsequently, a novel nano scale biological macromolecule can be introduced as a sustained and prolonged anticancer drug release.