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Foudas AW, Kyzas GZ, Metaxa ZS, Mitropoulos AC. The effect of nanobubbles on Langmuir-Blodgett films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:327-335. [PMID: 38718586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Nanobubbles (NBs) are classified in two distinct categories: surface and bulk. Surface NBs are readily observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), while the existence of bulk NBs has been a subject of debate, conflicting with the diffusion theory's predictions. Current methodologies for identifying bulk NBs yield inconclusive results. In this study, Langmuir Blodgett (LB) technique and AFM, are utilized to visualize NB imprints on anionic, cationic and zwitterionic lipid films deposited on glass-slide substrates. Our analysis of Langmuir monolayers compression isotherms reveals the impact of bulk NBs on lipid monolayer development. AFM scans of the deposited lipid films consistently show NB imprints. Notably, cationic and zwitterionic film depositions exhibit NB formations from the 1st layer, whereas in anionic films, these formations are observed only after the 3rd layer. These results suggest that the origin of these imprinted formations may be attributed to bulk NBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios W Foudas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala, Greece.
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala, Greece.
| | - Zoi S Metaxa
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala, Greece.
| | - Athanasios C Mitropoulos
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala, Greece.
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Cheng S, Hu J, Guo C, Ye Z, Shang Y, Lian C, Liu H. The effects of size and surface functionalization of polystyrene nanoplastics on stratum corneum model membranes: An experimental and computational study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 638:778-787. [PMID: 36791476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics are mainly generated from the decomposition of plastic waste and artificial production and have attracted much attention due to their wide distribution in the environment and the potential risk for humans. As the largest organ of the human body, the skin is inevitably in contact with nanoplastics. Stratum corneum is the first barrier when the skin is exposed to nanoplastics. However, little is known about the interactions between nanoplastics and stratum corneum. Here, the effects of particle size and surface functionalization (amino-modified and carboxy-modified) of polystyrene nanoplastics on the stratum corneum models were studied by Langmuir monolayer and molecular dynamics simulations. An equimolar mixture of ceramide/cholesterol/free fatty acid was used to mimic stratum corneum intercellular lipids. The Langmuir monolayer studies demonstrated that the larger size and surface functionalization of polystyrene nanoplastics significantly reduced the stability of stratum corneum lipid monolayer in a concentration-dependent fashion. Simulation results elucidated that functionalized polystyrene oligomers had a stronger interaction with lipid components of the stratum corneum model membrane. The cell experiments also indicated that functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics, especially for amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics, had significant cytotoxicity on normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Our results provide fundamental information and the basis for a deeper understanding of the health risks of nanoplastics to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiajie Hu
- Zhejiang Xianju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhicheng Ye
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yazhuo Shang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Cheng Lian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Zaborowska M, Dobrowolski MA, Matyszewska D. Revealing the structure and mechanisms of action of a synthetic opioid with model biological membranes at the air-water interface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 226:113289. [PMID: 37028230 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic opioids such as piperazine derivative called MT-45 interact with opioid receptors in a manner similar to morphine leading to euphoria, a sense of relaxation and pain relief and are commonly used as substituents of natural opioids. In this study we show the changes in the surface properties of nasal mucosa and intestinal epithelial model cell membranes formed at the air - water interface using Langmuir technique upon the exposure to MT-45. Both membranes constitute the first barrier to absorb this substance into the human body. The presence of the piperazine derivative affects the organization of both DPPC and ternary DMPC:DMPE:DMPS monolayers treated as simple models of nasal mucosa and intestinal cell membranes, respectively. This novel psychoactive substance (NPS) leads to the fluidization of the model layers, which may indicate their increased permeability. MT-45 has a greater influence on the ternary monolayers characteristic of the intestinal epithelial cells than nasal mucosa. It might be attributed to the increased attractive interactions between the components of the ternary layer, which in turn increase the interactions with a synthetic opioid. Additionally, the crystal structures of MT-45 determined by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction methods allowed us to both provide useful data for facilitating the identification of synthetic opioids as well as to attribute the effect of MT-45 to the ionic interactions between protonated nitrogen atoms and negatively charged parts of the polar heads of the lipids.
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Geng Y, Cao Y, Zhao Q, Li Y, Tian S. Potential hazards associated with interactions between diesel exhaust particulate matter and pulmonary surfactant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151031. [PMID: 34666082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long term exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEPM) can induce numerous adverse health effects to the respiratory system. Understanding the interaction between DEPM and pulmonary surfactant (PS) can be an essential step toward preliminary evaluation of the impact of DEPM on pulmonary health. Herein, DEPM was explored for its interaction with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), the major component of PS. The results indicated that the surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms of DPPC monolayers shifted toward lower molecular areas and the compression modulus (CS-1) reduced in the presence of DEPM. Atomic force microscopy image showed that DEPM can disrupt the ultrastructure of DPPC monolayers along with the direction of lateral compression. In addition, DPPC can in turn condition the surface properties of DEPM, permitting its agglomeration in aqueous media, which was attributed to the adsorption of DEPM to DPPC. Furthermore, the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could be desorbed from DEPM by the solubilization of DPPC and it was positively correlated with the hydrophobicity of PAHs. These findings revealed the toxicity of DEPM-associated PAHs and the role of DPPC in facilitating the removal of the inhaled particles, which can provide a new insight into the potential hazards of airborne particles on lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Geng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Faculty of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan 615013, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yingjie Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Senlin Tian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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6
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Rojewska M, Tim B, Prochaska K. Interactions between silica particles and model phospholipid monolayers. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Serum apolipoprotein A-I depletion is causative to silica nanoparticles-induced cardiovascular damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108131118. [PMID: 34716267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108131118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology has greatly benefited modern science and engineering and also led to an increased environmental exposure to nanoparticles (NPs). While recent research has established a correlation between the exposure of NPs and cardiovascular diseases, the intrinsic mechanisms of such a connection remain unclear. Inhaled NPs can penetrate the air-blood barrier from the lung to systemic circulation, thereby intruding the cardiovascular system and generating cardiotoxic effects. In this study, on-site cardiovascular damage was observed in mice upon respiratory exposure of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), and the corresponding mechanism was investigated by focusing on the interaction of SiNPs and their encountered biomacromolecules en route. SiNPs were found to collect a significant amount of apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) from the blood, in particular when the SiNPs were preadsorbed with pulmonary surfactants. While the adsorbed Apo A-I ameliorated the cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of SiNPs, the protein was eliminated from the blood upon clearance of the NPs. However, supplementation of Apo A-I mimic peptide mitigated the atherosclerotic lesion induced by SiNPs. In addition, we found a further declined plasma Apo A-I level in clinical silicosis patients than coronary heart disease patients, suggesting clearance of SiNPs sequestered Apo A-I to compromise the coronal protein's regular biological functions. Together, this study has provided evidence that the protein corona of SiNPs acquired in the blood depletes Apo A-I, a biomarker for prediction of cardiovascular diseases, which gives rise to unexpected toxic effects of the nanoparticles.
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Wang J, Zhu H. Influence of amphotericin B on the thermodynamic properties and surface morphology of saturated phospholipid monolayer with different polar head at the air-water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Cheng X, Guo H, Xian Y, Xie X. Changes of lipid profiles in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to zirconia nanoparticles with or without the presence of free fatty acids. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:765-774. [PMID: 33222186 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Testing Department Chongqing Institute of Forensic Science Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Youqi Xian
- Application Department Thermo Fisher Scientific Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
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Ismail S, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Abd Rahman SF. Electrochemical Detection of Arsenite Using a Silica Nanoparticles-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143168. [PMID: 32708531 PMCID: PMC7412229 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic poisoning in the environment can cause severe effects on human health, hence detection is crucial. An electrochemical-based portable assessment of arsenic contamination is the ability to identify arsenite (As(III)). To achieve this, a low-cost electroanalytical assay for the detection of As(III) utilizing a silica nanoparticles (SiNPs)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was developed. The morphological and elemental analysis of functionalized SiNPs and a SiNPs/SPCE-modified sensor was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The electrochemical responses towards arsenic detection were measured using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV) techniques. Under optimized conditions, the anodic peak current was proportional to the As(III) concentration over a wide linear range of 5 to 30 µg/L, with a detection limit of 6.2 µg/L. The suggested approach was effectively valid for the testing of As(III) found within the real water samples with good reproducibility and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhainie Ismail
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.I.); (J.A.)
| | - Nor Azah Yusof
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.I.); (J.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (S.F.A.R.)
| | - Jaafar Abdullah
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.I.); (J.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fatimah Abd Rahman
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.I.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (S.F.A.R.)
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Bovine hemoglobin adsorption onto modified silica nanoparticles: Multi-spectroscopic measurements based on kinetics and protein conformation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:208-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Real-time monitoring of the effect of carbon nanoparticles on the surface behavior of DPPC/DPPG Langmuir monolayer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hossain SI, Gandhi NS, Hughes ZE, Saha SC. The role of SP-B1–25 peptides in lung surfactant monolayers exposed to gold nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15231-15241. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00268b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung surfactant monolayer’s (acts as the first line barrier for inhaled nanoparticles) components (lipids and peptides) rearrange themselves by the influence of exposed gold nanoparticles at various stages of the breathing cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh I. Hossain
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering
- University of Technology Sydney
- 81 Broadway
- Ultimo
- Australia
| | - Neha S. Gandhi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology
- 2 George Street
- GPO Box 2434
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Zak E. Hughes
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- The University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Suvash C. Saha
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering
- University of Technology Sydney
- 81 Broadway
- Ultimo
- Australia
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Hu J, Liu H, Xu P, Shang Y, Liu H. Investigation of Drug for Pulmonary Administration-Model Pulmonary Surfactant Monolayer Interactions Using Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayer and Molecular Dynamics Simulation: A Case Study of Ketoprofen. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13452-13460. [PMID: 31524404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary administration is widely used for the treatment of lung diseases. The interaction between drug molecules and pulmonary surfactants affects the efficacy of the drug directly. The location and distribution of drug molecules in a model pulmonary surfactant monolayer under different surface pressures can provide vivid information on the interaction between drug molecules and pulmonary surfactants during the pulmonary administration. Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for pulmonary administration. The effect of ketoprofen molecules on the lipid monolayer containing 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-glycerol (DPPG) is studied by surface pressure (π)-area (A) isotherms and compressibility modulus (Cs-1)-surface pressure (π) isotherms. The location and distribution of ketoprofen molecules in a lipid monolayer under different surface pressures are explored by surface tension, density profile, radial distribution function (RDF), and the potential of mean force (PMF) simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The introduction of ketoprofen molecules affects the properties of DPPC/DPPG monolayers and the location and distribution of ketoprofen molecules in monolayers with various surface pressures. The existence of ketoprofen molecules hinders the formation of liquid-condensed (LC) films and decreases the compressibility of DPPC/DPPG monolayers. The location and distribution of ketoprofen molecules in the lipid monolayer are affected by cation-π interaction between the choline group of lipids and the benzene ring of ketoprofen, the steric hindrance of the lipid head groups, and the hydrophobicity of ketoprofen molecule itself, comprehensively. The contact state of lipid head group with water is determined by surface pressure, which affects the interaction between drug molecules and lipids and further dominates the location and distribution of ketoprofen in the lipid monolayer. This work confirms that ketoprofen molecules can affect the property and the inner structure of DPPC/DPPG monolayers during breathing. Furthermore, the results obtained using a mixed monolayer containing two major pulmonary surfactants DPPC/DPPG and ketoprofen molecules will be helpful for the in-depth understanding of the mechanism of inhaled administration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Hengjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Pu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yazhuo Shang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Honglai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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A Simulation Study on the Interaction Between Pollutant Nanoparticles and the Pulmonary Surfactant Monolayer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133281. [PMID: 31277358 PMCID: PMC6651701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A good understanding of the mechanism of interaction between inhaled pollutant nanoparticles (NPs) and the pulmonary surfactant monolayer is useful to study the impact of fine particulate matter on human health. In this work, we established coarse-grained models of four representative NPs with different hydrophilicity properties in the air (i.e., CaSO4, C, SiO2, and C6H14O2 NPs) and the pulmonary surfactant monolayer. Molecular dynamic simulations of the interaction during exhalation and inhalation breathing states were performed. The effects of NP hydrophilicity levels, NP structural properties, and cholesterol content in the monolayer on the behaviors of NP embedment or the transmembrane were analyzed by calculating the changes in potential energy, NP displacement, monolayer orderliness, and surface tension. Results showed that NPs can inhibit the ability of the monolayer to adjust surface tension. For all breathing states, the hydrophobic C NP cannot translocate across the monolayer and had the greatest influence on the structural properties of the monolayer, whereas the strongly hydrophilic SiO2 and C6H14O2 NPs can cross the monolayer with little impact. The semi-hydrophilic CaSO4 NP can penetrate the monolayer only during the inhalation breathing state. The hydrophilic flaky NP shows the best penetration ability, followed by the rod-shaped NP and spherical NP in turn. An increase in cholesterol content of the monolayer led to improved orderliness and decreased fluidity of the membrane system due to enhanced intermolecular forces. Consequently, difficulty in crossing the monolayer increased for the NPs.
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Guzmán E, Santini E. Lung surfactant-particles at fluid interfaces for toxicity assessments. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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