1
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Cai Q, He Y, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Deng J. Nanomaterial-Based Strategies for Preventing Tumor Metastasis by Interrupting the Metastatic Biological Processes. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303543. [PMID: 38411537 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. The prevention of tumor metastasis has garnered notable interest and interrupting metastatic biological processes is considered a potential strategy for preventing tumor metastasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and premetastatic niche (PMN) play crucial roles in metastatic biological processes. These processes can be interrupted using nanomaterials due to their excellent physicochemical properties. However, most studies have focused on only one aspect of tumor metastasis. Here, the hypothesis that nanomaterials can be used to target metastatic biological processes and explore strategies to prevent tumor metastasis is highlighted. First, the metastatic biological processes and strategies involving nanomaterials acting on the TME, CTCs, and PMN to prevent tumor metastasis are briefly summarized. Further, the current challenges and prospects of nanomaterials in preventing tumor metastasis by interrupting metastatic biological processes are discussed. Nanomaterial-and multifunctional nanomaterial-based strategies for preventing tumor metastasis are advantageous for the long-term fight against tumor metastasis and their continued exploration will facilitate rapid progress in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tumor metastasis. Novel perspectives are outlined for developing more effective strategies to prevent tumor metastasis, thereby improving the outcomes of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjin Cai
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yijia He
- School of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
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2
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Jiang X, Zhang X, Guo C, Ou L. Antifouling modification for high-performance isolation of circulating tumor cells. Talanta 2024; 266:125048. [PMID: 37579675 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which shed from solid tumor tissue into blood circulatory system, have attracted wide attention as a biomarker in the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Given their potential significance in clinics, many platforms have been developed to separate CTCs. However, the high-performance isolation of CTCs remains significant challenges including achieving the sensitivity and specificity necessary due to their extreme rarity and severe biofouling in blood, such as billions of background cells and various proteins. With the advancement of CTCs detection technologies in recent years, the highly efficient and highly specific detection platforms for CTCs have gradually been developed, resulting in improving CTC capture efficiency, purity and sensitivity. In this review, we systematically describe the current strategies with surface modifications by utilizing the antifouling property of polymer, peptide, protein and cell membrane for high-performance enrichment of CTCs. To wrap up, we discuss the substantial challenges facing by current technologies and the potential directions for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lailiang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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3
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Cha J, Cho H, Chung JS, Park JS, Han KH. Effective Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation Using Epithelial and Mesenchymal Markers in Prostate and Pancreatic Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2825. [PMID: 37345161 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) display antigenic heterogeneity between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. However, most current CTC isolation methods rely on EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) antibodies. This study introduces a more efficient CTC isolation technique utilizing both EpCAM and vimentin (mesenchymal cell marker) antibodies, alongside a lateral magnetophoretic microseparator. The effectiveness of this approach was assessed by isolating CTCs from prostate (n = 17) and pancreatic (n = 5) cancer patients using EpCAM alone, vimentin alone, and both antibodies together. Prostate cancer patients showed an average of 13.29, 11.13, and 27.95 CTCs/mL isolated using EpCAM alone, vimentin alone, and both antibodies, respectively. For pancreatic cancer patients, the averages were 1.50, 3.44, and 10.82 CTCs/mL with EpCAM alone, vimentin alone, and both antibodies, respectively. Combining antibodies more than doubled CTC isolation compared to single antibodies. Interestingly, EpCAM antibodies were more effective for localized prostate cancer, while vimentin antibodies excelled in metastatic prostate cancer isolation. Moreover, vimentin antibodies outperformed EpCAM antibodies for all pancreatic cancer patients. These results highlight that using both epithelial and mesenchymal antibodies with the lateral magnetophoretic microseparator significantly enhances CTC isolation efficiency, and that antibody choice may vary depending on cancer type and stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Cha
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Cho
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Chung
- Department of Urology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan 48108, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Han
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
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4
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Chowdhury T, Cressiot B, Parisi C, Smolyakov G, Thiébot B, Trichet L, Fernandes FM, Pelta J, Manivet P. Circulating Tumor Cells in Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics by Single-Molecule and Single-Cell Characterization. ACS Sens 2023; 8:406-426. [PMID: 36696289 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent an interesting source of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and the prediction of cancer recurrence, yet while they are extensively studied in oncobiology research, their diagnostic utility has not yet been demonstrated and validated. Their scarcity in human biological fluids impedes the identification of dangerous CTC subpopulations that may promote metastatic dissemination. In this Perspective, we discuss promising techniques that could be used for the identification of these metastatic cells. We first describe methods for isolating patient-derived CTCs and then the use of 3D biomimetic matrixes in their amplification and analysis, followed by methods for further CTC analyses at the single-cell and single-molecule levels. Finally, we discuss how the elucidation of mechanical and morphological properties using techniques such as atomic force microscopy and molecular biomarker identification using nanopore-based detection could be combined in the future to provide patients and their healthcare providers with a more accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafsir Chowdhury
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Cleo Parisi
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Georges Smolyakov
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Léa Trichet
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francisco M Fernandes
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan Pelta
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, LAMBE, 95000 Cergy, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91190 Evry, France
| | - Philippe Manivet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, F-75019 Paris, France
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5
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Hosseini-Alvand E, Khorasani MT. Fabrication of electrospun nanofibrous thermoresponsive semi-interpenetrating poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)/polyvinyl alcohol networks containing ZnO nanoparticle mats: characterization and antibacterial and cytocompatibility evaluation. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:890-904. [PMID: 36597765 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive nanofiber composites comprising biopolymers and ZnO nanoparticles with controlled release and antibacterial activity are fascinating scientific research areas. Herein, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) was prepared and mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in 75/25 and 50/50 weight ratios together with ZnO (0, 1, and 2 phr) to construct nanofiber composites. The morphology of the crosslinked nanofiber composites, ZnO content, and their mechanical behavior were assessed by SEM, EDX, and tensile analyses. The wettability results show an increment in nanofiber surface hydrophobicity by increasing the temperature above the LCST of PNIPAm. The in vitro ZnO release exhibits a faster release profile for the sample with 50 wt% PNIPAm (lower crosslinking density) compared to the one with 25 wt%. Besides, a strong interaction between PVA hydroxyl groups and ZnO can restrict the release content. However, by increasing the temperature from 28 to 32 °C, the relative ZnO release becomes half for both compositions. All crosslinked nanofiber composites demonstrated reliable biocompatibility against L929 fibroblast cells. Agar disc-diffusion and optical density methods showed thermo-controllable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus upon temperature variation between 28 and 32 °C. Furthermore, in vivo and histological results indicate the potentiality of the prepared multidisciplinary wound dressing for robust wound healing and skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Hosseini-Alvand
- Biomaterial Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Khorasani
- Biomaterial Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Luo Z, Liu X, Hou J, Zhou S. Efficient Isolation and In Situ Identification of Viable Circulating Tumor Cells Using Dual‐Responsive Fluorescent‐Magnetic Nanoparticles. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Cancer Center Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 China
| | - Zhouying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Jianwen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
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7
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Jiang X, Zhang X, Guo C, Yu Y, Ma B, Liu Z, Chai Y, Wang L, Du Y, Wang B, Li N, Dong D, Li Y, Huang X, Ou L. Protein corona-coated immunomagnetic nanoparticles with enhanced isolation of circulating tumor cells. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:8474-8483. [PMID: 35661186 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunomagnetic nanoparticles (IMNs) have been widely developed as a detection tool to isolate rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole blood as a potential method for early cancer diagnosis, metastasis examination, and treatment guidance. However, a spontaneous interaction between nanoparticles and proteins results in the formation of a protein corona that reduces the performance of IMNs when they enter body fluids. To address this issue, the protein corona was precoated onto magnetic nanoparticles (C-MNs), and then their surfaces were conjugated with an immuno-antibody. The adsorption of proteins on C-MNs was decreased 6-fold and non-specific cell binding was reduced 5-fold, compared with magnetic nanoparticles (MNs). Furthermore, the immuno-antibody functionalized C-MNs (IC-MNs) maintained highly specific CTC capture performance when exposed to blood plasma. By using artificial spiked blood samples, IC-MNs exhibited 90.2% CTC isolation efficiency, compared with 60.3% by using IMNs. IC-MNs also successfully captured CTCs with high purity in 24 out of 26 female breast cancer patient blood samples. This work demonstrated that a novel preformed protein corona strategy can provide a useful clinically applicable diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yameng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Boya Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yamin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Lichun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yunzheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dong Dong
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yueguo Li
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xinglu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Lailiang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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8
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Liu Y, Li R, Zhang L, Guo S. Nanomaterial-Based Immunocapture Platforms for the Recognition, Isolation, and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:850241. [PMID: 35360401 PMCID: PMC8964261 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.850241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a type of cancer cells that circulate in the peripheral blood after breaking away from solid tumors and are essential for the establishment of distant metastasis. Up to 90% of cancer-related deaths are caused by metastatic cancer. As a new type of liquid biopsy, detecting and analyzing CTCs will provide insightful information for cancer diagnosis, especially the in-time disease status, which would avoid some flaws and limitations of invasive tissue biopsy. However, due to the extremely low levels of CTCs among a large number of hematologic cells, choosing immunocapture platforms for CTC detection and isolation will achieve good performance with high purity, selectivity, and viability. These properties are directly associated with precise downstream analysis of CTC profiling. Recently, inspired by the nanoscale interactions of cells in the tissue microenvironment, platforms based on nanomaterials have been widely explored to efficiently enrich and sensitively detect CTCs. In this review, various immunocapture platforms based on different nanomaterials for efficient isolation and sensitive detection of CTCs are outlined and discussed. First, the design principles of immunoaffinity nanomaterials are introduced in detail. Second, the immunocapture and release of platforms based on nanomaterials ranging from nanoparticles, nanostructured substrates, and immunoaffinity microfluidic chips are summarized. Third, recent advances in single-cell release and analysis of CTCs are introduced. Finally, some perspectives and challenges are provided in future trends of CTC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Liu
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Devices, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Zhang, ; Shishang Guo,
| | - Shishang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Zhang, ; Shishang Guo,
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9
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Hu M, Li C, Wang Z, Ding P, Pei R, Wang Q, Xu H, Xing C. Development of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Dual Antibody Nanoparticles for the Highly Specific Capture and Gradual Release of Circulating Tumor Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:806238. [PMID: 35198544 PMCID: PMC8859420 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.806238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been well-established as promising biomarkers that can be leveraged to gauge the prognosis of patients with cancers and to guide patient treatment efforts. Although the scarcity of CTCs within peripheral circulation and the associated phenotypic changes that they exhibit owing to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process make the reliable isolation of these cells very challenging. Recently, several studies have discussed platforms capable of mediating the efficient and sensitive isolation of CTCs, but these approaches are nonetheless subject to certain limitations that preclude their clinical application. For example, these platforms are poorly-suited to minimizing damage in the context of cellular capture and release or the in vitro culture of captured cells for subsequent molecular analyses, which would better enable clinicians to select appropriate precision treatments on an individualized basis. In this study, we report the layer-by-layer assembly approach to synthesize a novel composite nanomaterial consisting of modified zirconium-based metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) on the surface of magnetic beads with dual antibody surface modifications capable of capturing CTCs without being hampered by the state of cellular EMT process. Our analyses indicated that these dual antibody-modified nanomaterials exhibited greater capture efficiency than that observed for single antibody. Importantly, captured cells can be gradually released following capture and undergo subsequent in vitro proliferation following water molecule-induced MOF structural collapse. This release mechanism, which does not require operator intervention, may be effective as a means of minimizing damage and preserving cellular viability such that cells can be more reliably utilized for downstream molecular analyses and associated treatment planning. To further confirm the potential clinical applicability of the developed nanomaterial, it was successfully utilized for capturing CTCs from peripheral blood samples collected from cases diagnosed with gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pi Ding
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Pei, ; Hua Xu, ; Chungen Xing,
| | | | - Hua Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Pei, ; Hua Xu, ; Chungen Xing,
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Pei, ; Hua Xu, ; Chungen Xing,
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10
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Vajhadin F, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Sanati A, Haghniaz R, Travas-Sejdic J. Optical cytosensors for the detection of circulating tumour cells. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:990-1004. [PMID: 35107117 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood analysis is an established approach to monitor various diseases, ranging from heart defects and diabetes to cancer. Among various tumor markers in the blood, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have received increasing attention due to the fact that they originate directly from the tumors. Capturing and detecting CTCs represents a promising approach in cancer diagnostics and clinical management of cancers. CTCs in blood progress to self-seeding a tumour or initiating a new lesion mass. Cytosensors are biosensors intended to identify CTCs in a blood sample of cancer patients and provide information about the cancer status. Herein, we firstly discuss different detection methods of state-of-the-art optical cytosensors, including colorimetry, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, photoelectrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence. Then we review the significant advances made in implementing biorecognition elements and nanomaterials for the detection of cancer cells. Despite great progress in optical cytosensors, and their integration with smartphones, they have still only been explored to prototype stages. Much more effort is needed to fulfil their potential in modern cancer diagnostics and in monitoring the state of disease for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Vajhadin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 8915818411, Iran.
| | | | - Alireza Sanati
- Biosensor Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. .,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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11
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Tan Z. A review of enrichment methods for circulating tumor cells: from single modality to hybrid modality. Analyst 2021; 146:7048-7069. [PMID: 34709247 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01422f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis as a liquid biopsy can be used for early diagnosis of cancer, evaluating cancer progression, and assessing treatment efficacy. The enrichment of CTCs from patient blood is important for CTC analysis due to the extreme rarity of CTCs. This paper updates recent advances in CTC enrichment methods. We first review single-modality methods, including biophysical and biochemical methods. Hybrid-modality methods, combining at least two single-modality methods, are gaining increasing popularity for their improved performance. Then this paper reviews hybrid-modality methods, which are categorized into integrated and sequenced hybrid-modality methods. The state of the art indicates that the CTC capture efficiencies of integrated hybrid-modality methods can reach 85% or higher by taking advantage of the superimposed and enhanced capture effects from multiple single-modality methods. Moreover, a hybrid method integrating biophysical with biochemical methods is characterized by both high processing rate and high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Yifu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Zhongchao Tan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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12
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Hu M, Wang Z, Wu Z, Ding P, Pei R, Wang Q, Xing C. Circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer in the era of precision medicine. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:197-213. [PMID: 34802071 PMCID: PMC8770420 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality across the globe. Although serum biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA-199) have been prevalently used as biomarkers in various cancers, they are neither very sensitive nor highly specific. Repeated tissue biopsies at different times of the disease can be uncomfortable for cancer patients. Additionally, the existence of tumor heterogeneity and the results of local biopsy provide limited information about the overall tumor biology. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to look for reliable and noninvasive biomarkers of CRC. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which depart from a primary tumor, enter the bloodstream, and imitate metastasis, have a great potential for precision medicine in patients with CRC. Various efficient CTC isolation platforms have been developed to capture and identify CTCs. The count of CTCs, as well as their biological characteristics and genomic heterogeneity, can be used for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response in CRC. This study reviewed the existing CTC isolation techniques and their applications in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRC. The study also presented their limitations and provided future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215228, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zeen Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Pi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215228, China.
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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13
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Nanostructure Materials: Efficient Strategies for Circulating Tumor Cells Capture, Release, and Detection. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Wu Z, Pan Y, Wang Z, Ding P, Gao T, Li Q, Hu M, Zhu W, Pei R. A PLGA nanofiber microfluidic device for highly efficient isolation and release of different phenotypic circulating tumor cells based on dual aptamers. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2212-2220. [PMID: 33616137 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02988b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of specific and sensitive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is significant for applying them in cancer diagnosis and monitoring. In this work, dual aptamer-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofiber-based microfluidic devices were fabricated to achieve the highly efficient capture and specific release of epithelial and mesenchymal CTCs of ovarian cancer. Dual aptamer targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and N-cadherin proteins to improve the capture sensitivity, bovine serum albumin (BSA) to guarantee the capture purity and the nanofibers to increase the capture efficiency via synchronously and effectively capturing the epithelial and mesenchymal CTCs with good capture specificity and sensitivity from blood samples were used. We used the target cells including the ovarian cancer A2780 cells (N-cadherin-high, EpCAM-low) and OVCAR-3 cells (EpCAM-high, N-cadherin-low) to test the devices, which exhibited good capture efficiency (91% for A2780 cells, 89% for OVCAR-3 cells), release efficiency (95% for A2780 cells, 88% for OVCAR-3 cells), and sensitivity for rare cells (92% for A2780 cells, 88% for OVCAR-3 cells). Finally, the clinical blood samples of ovarian cancer patients were detected by the PLGA nanofiber-based microfluidic device, and 1 to 13 CTCs were successfully confirmed to be captured with the help of immunofluorescence staining identification. The results exhibited that the dual aptamer-modified PLGA nanofiber-based microfluidic device used as a tool for CTC capture has the potential for clinical application to guide the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeen Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China. and CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China. and CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Zhili Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Pi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Tian Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Mingchao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Weipei Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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15
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Karimipour K, Keyvan Rad J, Shirvalilou S, Khoei S, Mahdavian AR. Spiropyran-based photoswitchable acrylic nanofibers: A stimuli-responsive substrate for light controlled C6 glioma cells attachment/detachment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111731. [PMID: 33831752 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible and remote cell manipulation with high spatiotemporal precision is now a highly attractive subject in various biological applications such as tissue engineering and cell-matrix interaction. Herein, photoresponsive poly(methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate-co-spiropyran ethyl acrylate) terpolymer (MHSP) was prepared using emulsion polymerization and the corresponding nanofibers (MHSP@NF) and film (MHSP@F) were prepared using electrospinning and drop-casting techniques, respectively. Structure of MHSP@NF with cylindrical cross-section and uniform diameter size of 169 nm were characterized by 1H-NMR and SEM analyses. Time-dependent UV-vis spectra of the prepared acrylic nanofibers and films demonstrated maximum forward photoisomerization after 3- and 8-min UV irradiation at 365 nm together with a 96° and 5° decrement in their surface water contact angles, respectively. High photoresponsivity of the nanofibers was attributed to their extensive surface area which exposes more spiropyran groups to UV light. MHSP@F and MHSP@NF with chemically-attached spiropyran groups demonstrated significant biocompatibility with negligible toxicity toward C6 glioma cancer cells up to 5 days. However, MH/SP@NF with doped SPOH exhibited a sudden decrease in cell viability relating to the migration and leakage of SPOH molecules. Photoreversible cell adhesion results showed a dramatic and switchable C6 cells attachment/detachment upon alternating UV and visible lights irradiations for MHSP@NF sample, while this was not observed for the similar film. These indicate potentiality of MHSP@NF as a promising substrate for dynamic switching of biomolecules and cell sheet engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kianoush Karimipour
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115, 14977-13115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Keyvan Rad
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115, 14977-13115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakine Shirvalilou
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614525, 1449614535 Tehran, Iran
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614525, 1449614535 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Mahdavian
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115, 14977-13115 Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Liu P, Jonkheijm P, Terstappen LWMM, Stevens M. Magnetic Particles for CTC Enrichment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123525. [PMID: 33255978 PMCID: PMC7760229 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For the enrichment of very rare cells, such as Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), immunomagnetic enrichment is frequently used. For this purpose, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with specific antibodies directed against cancer cells are used. In this review, we look at the properties such a particle needs to have in order to be used successfully, and describe the different methods used in the production of such a particle as well as the methods for their separation. Additionally, an overview is given of the antibodies that could potentially be used for this purpose. Abstract Here, we review the characteristics and synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and place these in the context of their usage in the immunomagnetic enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). The importance of the different characteristics is explained, the need for a very specific enrichment is emphasized and different (commercial) magnetic separation techniques are shown. As the specificity of an MNP is in a large part dependent on the antibody coated onto the particle, different strategies in the coupling of specific antibodies as well as an overview of the available antibodies is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlnds; (P.L.); (L.W.M.M.T.)
- Department of Molecular Nanofabrication, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Department of Molecular Nanofabrication, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Leon W. M. M. Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlnds; (P.L.); (L.W.M.M.T.)
| | - Michiel Stevens
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlnds; (P.L.); (L.W.M.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-53-489-4101
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17
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Li X, Cui T, Zhang W, Zhai Z, Wu F, Zhang Y, Yang M, Zhong W, Yue W. Dopamine-functionalized hyaluronic acid microspheres for effective capture of CD44-overexpressing circulating tumor cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111281. [PMID: 32768983 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As one of the biomarkers of liquid biopsy, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provides important clinical information for cancer diagnosis. However, accurate separation and identification of CTCs remains a great deal of challenge. In present work, we developed novel dopamine-functionalized hyaluronic acid microspheres (HA-DA microspheres) to capture CD44-overexpressing CTCs. The dopamine was grafted onto the hyaluronic acid chain, which was polymerized and cross-linked by oxidation of the catechol groups. Afterwards, a facile microfluidic chip was designed and developed to fabricate the HA-DA microspheres with a diameter of about 45 μm. Our results showed that the CD44+ cells (i.e., HeLa, HepG2, A549, MCF-7 and DU-145 cells) could be selectively captured. Then a double-layer microfluidic filter (DLMF) was fabricated for dynamic isolation and detection of CTCs in blood samples. Many slit openings with 15 μm in height were designed to allow white blood cells to clear away, while the microspheres with CTCs were intercepted in the DLMF, which achieved effective separation of CTCs from blood cells. The approach exhibited high capture efficiency even at the cell density as low as 10 cells/mL. We believe the DLMF integrated with HA-DA microspheres could be a promising approach for isolation and detection of CD44-overexpressing CTCs, which is useful for prognosis and early metastasis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziran Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feixuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanqing Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Fabrication of aptamer modified TiO 2 nanofibers for specific capture of circulating tumor cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 191:110985. [PMID: 32247218 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed an inexpensive titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofiber substrate for efficient and selective capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from mimic patients' samples. The TiO2 nanofiber substrates were fabricated by electrospinning in combination with the calcination process. The surface of nanofiber substrates was modified with the anti-adhesion molecule, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the nucleolin aptamer AS1411, wherein, aptamer AS1411 specifically binds to the nucleolin protein overexpressed on the membrane surface of cancer cells. The formed TiO2 nanofiber substrates exhibited high efficacy and specificity to capture nucleolin positive cells through synergistic topographic interactions. Using the rare number of cell capture experiments, the capture efficiency of up to 75 % was achieved on the surface of the nanofiber substrate for rare number target cells spiked in the white blood cells (WBCs) from 1 mL whole blood samples. In conclusion, this study highlighted the potential of the TiO2-BSA-biotin-AS1411 nanofiber substrate as a highly efficient platform to realize the selective and specific capture of rare CTCs in the clinical settings.
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19
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Wang Z, Sun N, Liu H, Chen C, Ding P, Yue X, Zou H, Xing C, Pei R. High-Efficiency Isolation and Rapid Identification of Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) Using Dual-Antibody-Modified Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39586-39593. [PMID: 31577122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Extreme rarity and inherent heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) result in a tremendous challenge for the CTC isolation from patient blood samples with high efficiency and purity. Current CTC isolation approaches mainly rely on the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which may significantly reduce the ability to capture CTCs when the expression of EpCAM is lost or down-regulated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, a rapid and highly efficient method is developed to isolate and identify heterogeneous CTCs with high efficiency from patient blood samples using the fluorescent-magnetic nanoparticles (F-MNPs). A dual-antibody interface targeting EpCAM and N-cadherin is fabricated onto the F-MNPs to capture epithelial CTCs as well as mesenchymal CTCs from whole blood samples. The poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) brushes of excellent antifouling properties are employed to decrease nonspecific cell adhesion. Moreover, the F-MNPs provide a prompt identification strategy for heterogeneous CTCs (F-MNPs+, Hoechst 33342+, and CD45-) that can directly identify CTCs in a gentle one-step processing within 1 h after isolation from patient blood samples. This has been demonstrated through artificial samples as well as patient samples in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Na Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Changchong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Pi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Xinmin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300353 , China
| | - Hanqing Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215008 , China
| | - Chungen Xing
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215008 , China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
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