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Lavoie J, Fan J, Pourdeyhimi B, Boi C, Carbonell RG. Advances in high-throughput, high-capacity nonwoven membranes for chromatography in downstream processing: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2300-2317. [PMID: 37256765 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonwoven membranes are highly engineered fibrous materials that can be manufactured on a large scale from a wide range of different polymers, and their surfaces can be modified using a large variety of different chemistries and ligands. The fiber diameters, surface areas, pore sizes, total porosities, and thicknesses of the nonwoven mats can be carefully controlled, providing many opportunities for creative approaches for the development of novel membranes with unique properties to meet the needs of the future of downstream processing. Fibrous membranes are already finding use in ultrafiltration, microfiltration, depth filtration, and, more recently, in membrane chromatography for product capture and impurity removal. This article summarizes the various methods of manufacturing nonwoven fabrics, and the many methods available for the modification of the fiber surfaces. It also reviews recent studies focused on the use of nonwoven fabric devices in membrane chromatography and provides some perspectives on the challenges that need to be overcome to increase binding capacities, decrease residence times, and reduce pressure drops so that eventually they can replace resin column chromatography in downstream process operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lavoie
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jinxin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Behnam Pourdeyhimi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Nonwovens Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cristiana Boi
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ruben G Carbonell
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- National Institute for Innovation for Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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2
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Lu J, Jiang Y, Qiao Y, Wen Z, Luo Z, Ahmed M, Ali A, Guo L. Butane Tetracarboxylic Acid Grafted on Polymeric Nanofibrous Aerogels for Highly Efficient Protein Absorption and Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1270. [PMID: 38732739 PMCID: PMC11085302 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing high-performance and low-cost protein purification materials is of great importance to meet the demands for highly purified proteins in biotechnological industries. Herein, a facile strategy was developed to design and construct high-efficiency protein absorption and separation media by combining aerogels' molding techniques and impregnation processes. Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) nanofibrous aerogels (NFAs) were modified by grafting butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) over them in situ. This modification was carried out using polyphosphoric acid as a catalyst. The resulting EVOH/BTCA NFAs exhibited favorable comprehensive properties. Benefiting from the highly interconnected porous structure, good underwater compressive properties, and abundant absorption ligands, the obtained EVOH/BTCA NFAs possessed a high static absorption capacity of 1082.13 mg/g to lysozyme and a short absorption equilibrium time of about 6 h. A high saturated dynamic absorption capacity for lysozyme (716.85 mg/g) was also realized solely by gravity. Furthermore, EVOH/BTCA NFAs displayed excellent reusability, good acid and alkaline resistance, and unique absorption selectivity performance. The successful synthesis of such aerogels can provide a potential candidate for next-generation protein absorbents for bio-separation and purification engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Q.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Yangang Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Q.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Yufei Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Q.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Zihao Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Q.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Zhengjin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Q.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Q.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Li Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Q.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.); (A.A.)
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3
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El-Moghazy AY, Amaly N, Sun G, Nitin N. Development and clinical evaluation of commercial glucose meter coupled with nanofiber based immuno-platform for self-diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yan Z, Liu Y, Wang W, Wang D. Functionalized Nylon 6 Fabric as an Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33186-33191. [PMID: 36157727 PMCID: PMC9494687 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nylon 6 fabrics were chemically modified via reduction with BH3 for being functionalized as heterogeneous base organocatalysts for Knoevenagel condensation. The results of FTIR, XPS, and SEM indicated the successful modification of nylon 6 fabrics. With a low catalytic dosage of 6.6 mol % and a short reaction time (2 h), the fabric catalysts were well applicable to Knoevenagel condensation of a wide range of substrates and up to 98% yield could be obtained. In addition, the fabric catalysts have some beneficial advantages in terms of easy separation, good reusability, and recyclability (up to 10 times).
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Jankowska K, Su Z, Zdarta J, Jesionowski T, Pinelo M. Synergistic action of laccase treatment and membrane filtration during removal of azo dyes in an enzymatic membrane reactor upgraded with electrospun fibers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129071. [PMID: 35650748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the increasing amounts of dyes present in wastewaters and even water bodies is an emerging global problem. In this work we decided to fabricate new biosystems made of nanofiltration or ultrafiltration membranes combined with laccase entrapped between polystyrene electrospun fibers and apply them for decolorization of aqueous solutions of three azo dyes, C.I. Acid Yellow 23 (AY23), C.I. Direct Blue 71 (DB71) and C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5). Besides effective decolorization of the permeate stream, the biosystems also allowed removal of dyes from the retentate stream as a result of enzymatic action. The effect of pH and applied pressure on decolorization efficiencies was investigated, and pH 5 and pressure of 2 bar gave the highest removal efficiencies of 97% for AY23 and 100% for both DB71 and RB5 from permeate solutions while decolorization of retentate for RB5 reached 65% under these conditions. Almost 100% decolorization of all dyes was achieved after three consecutive enzyme membrane cycles. Decolorization was shown to be due to the synergistic action of membrane separation and bioconversion. The biocatalytic action also enabled significant reduction of permeate and retentate toxicity, which is one of the biggest environmental health issues for these types of streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jankowska
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan PL-60965, Poland.
| | - Ziran Su
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan PL-60965, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan PL-60965, Poland
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Chen Z, Yao J, Ma B, Liu B, Kim J, Li H, Zhu X, Zhao C, Amde M. A robust biocatalyst based on laccase immobilized superparamagnetic Fe 3O 4@SiO 2-NH 2 nanoparticles and its application for degradation of chlorophenols. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132727. [PMID: 34743799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of chlorophenols in water and wastewater is considered a serious environmental issue. To eliminate these micropollutants, biodegradation of chlorophenols using enzyme-nanoparticle conjugated biocatalyst, is proposed as an economical and eco-friendly method. Herein, amino-functionalized superparamagnetic Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 nanoparticles with core-shell structure were constructed as a promising carrier for immobilization of laccase from Trametes versicolor. Compared with free laccase, Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-Laccase displayed remarkable outcomes in all major areas such as temperature and storage stabilities, and tolerance to organic solvents and metal ions. The biocatalytic performance and reusability of Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-Laccase were evaluated for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in repeated cycles. Even after 10 successive reuses, the degradation rate of 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP were found to be 54.9% and 68.7%, respectively. The influences of solution pH, initial chlorophenol concentration, and temperature on the degradation rate of these two chlorophenols were evaluated. The degradation intermediate products including dimers, trimers, and tetramers of 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP were identified. Release of chloride ions was observed during the enzymatic degradation of these two chlorophenols. Based on the determination of intermediate products and released chloride ions, the degradation pathway that was involved in dehydrogenation, reactive radical intermediates formation, dechlorination, self-coupling and oligomers/polymers formation was proposed. The toxicity of these two chlorophenols and their intermediates was substantially reduced during the enzymatic degradation. The results of this study might present an alternative clean biotechnology for the remediation of 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP contaminated water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Bang Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Jonghyok Kim
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Meseret Amde
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
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7
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Amaly N, Pandey P, El-Moghazy AY, Sun G, Pandey PK. Cationic microcrystalline cellulose - Montmorillonite composite aerogel for preconcentration of inorganic anions from dairy wastewater. Talanta 2022; 242:123281. [PMID: 35180535 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient adsorbents to inorganic anions as a solid phase extraction (SPE) material is highly desirable for chromatographic analysis and pollution control. In this work we developed a new hybrid cationic microcrystalline cellulose aerogel composite. Cationic cetylpyridinium imbedded montmorillonite (CPC-MT) was uniformly entrapped in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to enhance anionic adsorption efficiency and mechanical stability. The developed CPC-MT@MCC aerogel was used as an SPE adsorbent for anions from dairy wastewater by coupling with ion-column chromatography. Further quaternized CPC-MT@MCC aerogel (CPC-MT@QMCC) showed unique low density (10.6 mg cm-3), large specific surface area (320 m2 g-1), porosity 70%, 800 mg g-1 nitrate adsorption capacity within 60 min and ease of elution in alkaline solutions. The CPC-MT@QMCC aerogel showed efficient regeneration and reuse performances for up to 10 cycles. More importantly, a dynamic binding efficiency of 710 mg g-1 highlights its excellent performance for practical applications. 96% of nitrate anion from environmental manure wastewater samples were adsorbed with 98.7% recovery. A good linear relationship was obtained in the range of 0.01-10 mg L-1 and the limits of detection was 0.5 mg L-1 using CPC-MT@QMCC aerogel as a preconcentration column. The successful synthesis of such intriguing and economic CPC-MT@QMCC aerogel may provide a promising matrix for high-performance and high efficiency chromatographic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Amaly
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA; Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, USA.
| | - Prachi Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - Ahmed Y El-Moghazy
- Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Pramod K Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, USA.
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Alvarado-Ramírez L, Rostro-Alanis M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Castillo-Zacarías C, Sosa-Hernández JE, Barceló D, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Exploring current tendencies in techniques and materials for immobilization of laccases - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:683-696. [PMID: 33798577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has transformed the science behind many biotechnological sectors, and applied bio-catalysis is not the exception. In 2017, the enzyme industry was valued at more than 7 billion USD and projected to 10.5 billion by 2024. The laccase enzyme is an oxidoreductase capable of oxidizing phenolic and non-phenolic compounds that have been considered an essential tool in the fields currently known as white biotechnology and green chemistry. Laccase is one of the most robust biocatalysts due to its wide applications in different environmental processes such as detecting and treating chemical pollutants and dyes and pharmaceutical removal. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the lack of stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the application feasibility at an industrial scale. Physical or chemical approaches have performed different laccase's immobilization methods to improve its catalytic properties and reuse. Emerging technologies have been proven to reduce the manufacturing process cost and increase application feasibility while looking for ecological and economical materials that can be used as support. Therefore, this review discusses the trends of enzyme immobilization recently studied, analyzing biomaterials and agro-industrial waste used for that intention, their advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, the work also highlights the performance obtained with these materials and current challenges and potential alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, c/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, 17003 Girona, Spain; College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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Liu J, Liu Y, Liang Y, Ma F, Bai Q. Poly- l-lysine-functionalized magnetic graphene for the immobilized metal affinity purification of histidine-rich proteins. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal affinity-poly-l-lysine functionalization on a magnetic graphene substrate for simultaneously improving the adsorption selectivity toward histidine-rich proteins and inhibiting the non-specific adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Yixun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Fen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Quan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
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El-Moghazy AY, Amaly N, Istamboulie G, Nitin N, Sun G. A signal-on electrochemical aptasensor based on silanized cellulose nanofibers for rapid point-of-use detection of ochratoxin A. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:535. [PMID: 32870397 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An innovative ultrasensitive electrochemical aptamer-based sensor was developed for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection in cold brew coffee through revolutionary combination of nanofibers, electrochemical method, and aptamer technologies. The assembly of the aptasensor was based on the activation of silanized cellulose nanofibrous membranes as a supporting matrix for methylene blue (MB) redox probe-labeled aptamer tethering. Cellulose nanofibrous membranes were regenerated by deacetylating electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibrous membranes with deacetylation efficacy of 97%, followed by silanization of the nanofiber surfaces by using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). A replacement of conventionally casted membranes by the nanofibrous membranes increased the active surface area on the working electrode of a screen-printed three-electrode sensor by more than two times, consequently enhancing the fabricated aptasensor performance. The developed aptasensor demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity toward OTA in a range 0.002-2 ng mL-1, with a detection limit of 0.81 pg mL-1. Moreover, the assembled aptamer-based sensor successfully detected OTA in cold brew coffee samples without any pretreatment. The aptasensor exhibited good reusability and stability over long storage time. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y El-Moghazy
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Noha Amaly
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Georges Istamboulie
- Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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