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Rupenthal ID, Agarwal P. Progress in Ocular Drug Delivery: Challenges and Constraints. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:267-288. [PMID: 37620616 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The eye has several dynamic and static barriers in place to limit the entry of foreign substances including therapeutics. As such, efficient drug delivery, especially to posterior segment tissues, has been challenging. This chapter describes the anatomical and physiological challenges associated with ocular drug delivery before discussing constraints with regard to formulation parameters. Finally, it gives an overview of advanced drug delivery technologies with a specific focus on recently marketed and late-stage clinical trial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Priyanka Agarwal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Li H, Dai F, Liu H, Tao Q, Hu J, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Rupenthal ID, Li H, Yang F, Li W, Lin H, Hou D. Physicochemical properties and micro-interaction between micro-nanoparticles and anterior corneal multilayer biological interface film for improving drug delivery efficacy: the transformation of tear film turnover mode. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2184312. [PMID: 36866574 PMCID: PMC9987732 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2184312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, various novel drug delivery systems have been developed to overcome ocular barriers in order to improve drug efficacy. We have previously reported that montmorillonite (MT) microspheres (MPs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with the anti-glaucoma drug betaxolol hydrochloride (BHC) exhibited sustained drug release and thus intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects. Here, we investigated the effect of physicochemical particle parameters on the micro-interactions with tear film mucins and corneal epithelial cells. Results showed that the MT-BHC SLNs and MT-BHC MPs eye drops significantly prolonged the precorneal retention time due to their higher viscosity and lower surface tension and contact angle compared with the BHC solution, with MT-BHC MPs exhibiting the longest retention due to their stronger hydrophobic surface. The cumulative release of MT-BHC SLNs and MT-BHC MPs was up to 87.78% and 80.43% after 12 h, respectively. Tear elimination pharmacokinetics study further confirmed that the prolonged precorneal retention time of the formulations was due to the micro-interaction between the positively charged formulations and the negatively charged tear film mucins. Moreover, the area under the IOP reduction curve (AUC) of MT-BHC SLNs and MT-BHC MPs was 1.4 and 2.5 times that of the BHC solution. Accordingly, the MT-BHC MPs also exhibit the most consistent and long-lasting IOP-lowering effect. Ocular irritation experiments showed no significant toxicity of either. Taken together, MT MPs may have the potential for more effective glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuda Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangrong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenping Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Huihui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Guangzhou Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huaqing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongzhi Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Hu J, Li H, Zhao Y, Ke Y, Rupenthal ID, Liu H, Ye J, Han X, Yang F, Li W, Lin H, Hou D. Critical Evaluation of Multifunctional Betaxolol Hydrochloride Nanoformulations for Effective Sustained Intraocular Pressure Reduction. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5915-5931. [PMID: 36506343 PMCID: PMC9729687 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s382968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glaucoma is a chronic disease that requires long-term adherence to treatment. Topical application of conventional eye drops results in substantial drug loss due to rapid tear turnover, with poor drug bioavailability being a major challenge for efficient glaucoma treatment. We aimed to prepare the anti-glaucoma drug betaxolol hydrochloride (BH) as a novel nano-delivery system that prolonged the retention time at the ocular surface and improved bioavailability. Methods We constructed multifunctional nanoparticles (MMt-BH-HA/CS-ED NPs) by ion cross-linking-solvent evaporation method. The particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of MMt-BH-HA/CS-ED NPs were physicochemically characterized. The structure of the preparations was characterized by microscopic techniques of SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD, FTIR and TGA, and evaluated for their in vitro release performance as well as adhesion properties. Its safety was investigated using irritation assays of hemolysis experiment, Draize test and histopathology examination. Precorneal retention was examined by in vivo fluorescence tracer method and pharmacokinetics in tear fluid was studied. A model of high IOP successfully induced by injection of compound carbomer solution was used to assess the IOP-lowering efficacy of the formulation, and it was proposed that micro-interactions between the formulation and the tear film would be used to analyze the behavior at the ocular surface. Results The positively charged MMt-BH-HA/CS-ED NPs were successfully prepared with good two-step release properties, higher viscosity, and slower pre-corneal diffusion rate along with longer precorneal retention time compared to BH solution. The micro-interactions between nanoparticles and tear film converted the drug clearance from being controlled by fast aqueous layer turnover to slow mucin layer turnover, resulting in higher drug concentration on the ocular surface, providing more durable and stable IOP-lowering efficacy. Conclusion The novel multifunctional MMt-BH-HA/CS-ED NPs can effectively reduce IOP and are suitable for the treatment of chronic disease glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingshan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuancheng Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Guangzhou Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Huaqing Lin; Dongzhi Hou, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 280 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 180 2631 2508, Fax +86 20 3935 2117, Email ;
| | - Dongzhi Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Belamkar A, Harris A, Zukerman R, Siesky B, Oddone F, Verticchio Vercellin A, Ciulla TA. Sustained release glaucoma therapies: Novel modalities for overcoming key treatment barriers associated with topical medications. Ann Med 2022; 54:343-358. [PMID: 35076329 PMCID: PMC8794062 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1955146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy and a leading cause of irreversible blindness. The disease has conventionally been characterized by an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP); however, recent research has built the consensus that glaucoma is not only dependent on IOP but rather represents a multifactorial optic neuropathy. Although many risk factors have been identified ranging from demographics to co-morbidities to ocular structural predispositions, IOP is currently the only modifiable risk factor, most often treated by topical IOP-lowering medications. However, topical hypotensive regimens are prone to non-adherence and are largely inefficient, leading to disease progression in spite of treatment. As a result, several companies are developing sustained release (SR) drug delivery systems as alternatives to topical delivery to potentially overcome these barriers. Currently, Bimatoprost SR (DurystaTM) from Allergan plc is the only FDA-approved SR therapy for POAG. Other SR therapies under investigation include: bimatoprost ocular ring (Allergan) (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01915940), iDose® (Glaukos Corporation) (NCT03519386), ENV515 (Envisia Therapeutics) (NCT02371746), OTX-TP (Ocular Therapeutix) (NCT02914509), OTX-TIC (Ocular Therapeutix) (NCT04060144), and latanoprost free acid SR (PolyActiva) (NCT04060758). Additionally, a wide variety of technologies for SR therapeutics are under investigation including ocular surface drug delivery systems such as contact lenses and nanotechnology. While challenges remain for SR drug delivery technology in POAG management, this technology may shift treatment paradigms and dramatically improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Belamkar
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alon Harris
- Department of Opthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Zukerman
- Department of Opthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Opthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brent Siesky
- Department of Opthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Vitreoretinal Medicine and Surgery, Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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