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Rathaur VS, Panda S. Soluto-thermal Marangoni convection in stationary micro-bioreactors on heated substrates: Tool for in vitro diagnosis of PSA. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:024108. [PMID: 38617111 PMCID: PMC11014736 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of antigen-laden droplet deposition patterns on antibody-immobilized substrates has potential for disease detection. Stationary droplets that contain antigens on surfaces immobilized with antibodies can function as microreactors. Temperature modulation enhances reaction efficiency and reduces detection time in droplet-based systems. Thus, the aim of this study is to explore the impact of substrate heating on the structures of protein deposits and the influence of substrate temperature on thermo-solutal Marangoni convection within the droplets. Previous research has explored deposition patterns as diagnostic tools, but limited investigations have focused on the effects of substrate heating on protein deposit structures and the influence of substrate temperature on thermo-solutal Marangoni convection within droplets, creating a knowledge gap. In this study, we conducted experiments to explore how heating the substrate affects the deposition patterns of droplets containing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) on a substrate immobilized with anti-PSA IgG. Additionally, we investigated the thermo-solutal Marangoni convection within these droplets. Our findings reveal distinct deposition patterns classified into dendritic structures (heterogeneous), transitional patterns, and needle-like (homogeneous) structures. The presence of prominent coffee rings and the variation in crystal size across different groups highlight the interplay between thermal and solutal Marangoni advection. Entropy analysis provides insights into structural differences within and between patterns. This work optimizes substrate temperatures for reduced evaporation and detection times while preserving protein integrity, advancing diagnostic tool development, and improving understanding of droplet-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Singh Rathaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208 016, India
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2
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Ghosh TN, Rotake D, Kumar S, Kaur I, Singh SG. Tear-based MMP-9 detection: A rapid antigen test for ocular inflammatory disorders using vanadium disulfide nanowires assisted chemi-resistive biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341281. [PMID: 37225335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, non-invasive, and biomarker detection in tear fluids for inflammation in potentially blinding eye diseases could be of great significance as a rapid diagnostic tool for quick clinical decisions. In this work, we propose a tear-based MMP-9 antigen testing platform using hydrothermally synthesized vanadium disulfide nanowires. Also, various factors contributing to baseline drifts of the chemiresistive sensor including nanowire coverage on the interdigitated microelectrode of the sensor, sensor response duration, and effect of MMP-9 protein in different matrix solutions were identified. The drifts on the sensor baseline due to nanowire coverage on the sensor were corrected using substrate thermal treatment providing a more uniform distribution of nanowires on the electrode which brought the baseline drift to 18% (coefficient of variations, CV = 18%). This biosensor exhibited sub-femto level limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1344 fg/mL (0.4933 fmoL/l) and 0.2746 fg/mL (1.008 fmoL/l) in 10 mM phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and artificial tear solution, respectively. For a practical tear MMP-9 detection, the proposed biosensor response was validated with multiplex ELISA using tear samples from five healthy controls which showed excellent precision. This label-free and non-invasive platform can serve as an efficient diagnostic tool for the early detection and monitoring of various ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoya Nemai Ghosh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Dinesh Rotake
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, 500034, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, 500034, India
| | - Shiv Govind Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India.
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3
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Jaber A, Vayron R, Harmand S. Effect of temperature on evaporation dynamics of sheep's blood droplets and topographic analysis of induced patterns. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11258. [PMID: 36353154 PMCID: PMC9637573 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize various induced phenomena and the blood of healthy sheep using several parameters, the evaporation dynamics of 72 drops of sheep blood evaporated at several temperatures: 23, 37, 60, and 90 °C on glass hydrophilic substrates were studied. This allows the prediction of the sheep blood pattern, knowing the surface temperature and vice versa. To determine the variation in the Marangoni number between the center and the triple line, an infrared thermography method was used to measure the temperature variation along the surface of the drop. Simultaneously, a high-performance camera was used to measure the variation in the height of the drop during the evaporation using a superior algorithm software for image analysis, drop shape analyzer, under controlled conditions (Humidity = 40%, Tatm = 23 °C). The study of the evaporation dynamics and pattern formation shows the effect of temperature on the flow circulation inside the drop, resulting in the final deposit. The results showed two categories corresponding to two different evaporation phenomena induced by the thermal Marangoni effect. Furthermore, to transform the induced pattern of sheep blood evaporation into a 3D image, a topographic study was performed using a highly accurate, fast, and flexible optical 3D measurement system. The topographic parameters were subsequently extracted from these 3D images. The statistical study showed a good correlation between the topographic parameters and the surface temperature, and a significant difference between each temperature group for each parameter.
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Cheeyattil S, Rajan A, Stephen J, Radhakrishnan M. Study on the optimization of barley flour xerogel and its programed oleomorphic
3D
shape‐shifting. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subith Cheeyattil
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM‐T) Thanjavur India
| | - Anbarasan Rajan
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM‐T) Thanjavur India
| | - Jaspin Stephen
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM‐T) Thanjavur India
| | - Mahendran Radhakrishnan
- Centre of Excellence in Nonthermal Processing National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM‐T) Thanjavur India
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Control of the Drying Patterns for Complex Colloidal Solutions and Their Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152600. [PMID: 35957030 PMCID: PMC9370329 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The uneven deposition at the edges of an evaporating droplet, termed the coffee-ring effect, has been extensively studied during the past few decades to better understand the underlying cause, namely the flow dynamics, and the subsequent patterns formed after drying. The non-uniform evaporation rate across the colloidal droplet hampers the formation of a uniform and homogeneous film in printed electronics, rechargeable batteries, etc., and often causes device failures. This review aims to highlight the diverse range of techniques used to alleviate the coffee-ring effect, from classic methods such as adding chemical additives, applying external sources, and manipulating geometrical configurations to recently developed advancements, specifically using bubbles, humidity, confined systems, etc., which do not involve modification of surface, particle or liquid properties. Each of these methodologies mitigates the edge deposition via multi-body interactions, for example, particle–liquid, particle-particle, particle–solid interfaces and particle–flow interactions. The mechanisms behind each of these approaches help to find methods to inhibit the non-uniform film formation, and the corresponding applications have been discussed together with a critical comparison in detail. This review could pave the way for developing inks and processes to apply in functional coatings and printed electronic devices with improved efficiency and device yield.
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Hierarchical Exploration of Drying Patterns Formed in Drops Containing Lysozyme, PBS, and Liquid Crystals. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological systems, by nature, are highly complex. These systems exhibit diverse hierarchical spatial and temporal features when driven far from equilibrium. The generated features are susceptible to the initial conditions that largely depend on vast parameter space. Extracting information on their properties and behavior thus becomes far too complex. This work seeks to examine the drying kinetics of the drops containing a globular protein (xlysozyme (Lys)), phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and thermotropic liquid crystal (LCs). The drying evolution and the morphological crack patterns of these drops are examined using high-resolution microscopy, textural image analysis, and statistical methods. This study observes that the textural parameters can identify the (i) phase separation of the salts present in the PBS and (ii) the LCs’ birefringence during the drying evolution. This birefringence activities of the LCs slow down when the initial PBS concentration is increased from 0.25 to 1× despite using a fixed volume of LCs. To comprehend such a surprising effect, the combinations of (i) Lys+PBS and (ii) PBS+LCs are thoroughly examined. A phase diagram is established as a function of initial concentrations of Lys and PBS. The scanning electron microscopic images of Lys+PBS reveal that the tuning between lysozyme and salt concentrations in PBS plays a significant role in determining the morphological patterns. The Lys drops with and without LCs exhibit two distinct regions: the peripheral ring (“coffee-ring”) and the central ones. This phase-separated ring formation indicates that the film containing Lys and salts might have formed on top of these LCs in the central region, which reduces the optical response (birefringence) of LCs. A physical mechanism is proposed in this paper to anticipate the redistributions of LCs in a multi-component system such as Lys+PBS+LCs.
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Efstratiou M, Christy JRE, Bonn D, Sefiane K. Transition from Dendritic to Cell-like Crystalline Structures in Drying Droplets of Fetal Bovine Serum under the Influence of Temperature. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4321-4331. [PMID: 35357835 PMCID: PMC9009182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The desiccation of biofluid droplets leads to the formation of complex deposits which are morphologically affected by the environmental conditions, such as temperature. In this work, we examine the effect of substrate temperatures between 20 and 40 °C on the desiccation deposits of fetal bovine serum (FBS) droplets. The final dried deposits consist of different zones: a peripheral protein ring, a zone of protein structures, a protein gel, and a central crystalline zone. We focus on the crystalline zone showing that its morphological and topographical characteristics vary with substrate temperature. The area of the crystalline zone is found to shrink with increasing substrate temperature. Additionally, the morphology of the crystalline structures changes from dendritic at 20 °C to cell-like for substrate temperatures between 25 and 40 °C. Calculation of the thermal and solutal Bénard-Marangoni numbers shows that while thermal effects are negligible when drying takes place at 20 °C, for higher substrate temperatures (25-40 °C), both thermal and solutal convective effects manifest within the drying drops. Thermal effects dominate earlier in the evaporation process leading, we believe, to the development of instabilities and, in turn, to the formation of convective cells in the drying drops. Solutal effects, on the other hand, are dominant toward the end of drying, maintaining circulation within the cells and leading to crystallization of salts in the formed cells. The cell-like structures are considered to form because of the interplay between thermal and solutal convection during drying. Dendritic growth is associated with a thicker fluid layer in the crystalline zone compared to cell-like growth with thinner layers. For cell-like structures, we show that the number of cells increases and the area occupied by each cell decreases with temperature. The average distance between cells decreases linearly with substrate temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Efstratiou
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Institute
of Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie
Tait Road, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K.
| | - John R. E. Christy
- Institute
of Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie
Tait Road, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K.
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Khellil Sefiane
- Institute
of Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie
Tait Road, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K.
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Patterns in Dried Droplets to Detect Unfolded BSA. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031156. [PMID: 35161907 PMCID: PMC8839909 DOI: 10.3390/s22031156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The morphological analysis of patterns in dried droplets has allowed the generation of efficient techniques for the detection of molecules of medical interest. However, the effectiveness of this method to reveal the coexistence of macromolecules of the same species, but different conformational states, is still unknown. To address this problem, we present an experimental study on pattern formation in dried droplets of bovine serum albumin (BSA), in folded and unfolded conformational states, in saline solution (NaCl). Folded proteins produce a well-defined coffee ring and crystal patterns all over the dry droplet. Depending on the NaCl concentration, the crystals can be small, large, elongated, entangled, or dense. Optical microscopy reveals that the relative concentration of unfolded proteins determines the morphological characteristics of deposits. At a low relative concentration of unfolded proteins (above 2%), small amorphous aggregates emerge in the deposits, while at high concentrations (above 16%), the “eye-like pattern”, a large aggregate surrounded by a uniform coating, is produced. The radial intensity profile, the mean pixel intensity, and the entropy make it possible to characterize the patterns in dried droplets. We prove that it is possible to achieve 100% accuracy in identifying 4% of unfolded BSA contained in a protein solution.
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Hegde O, Chatterjee R, Rasheed A, Chakravortty D, Basu S. Multiscale vapor-mediateddendritic pattern formation and bacterial aggregation in complex respiratory biofluid droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:2011-2023. [PMID: 34749448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Deposits of biofluid droplets on surfaces (such as respiratory droplets formed during an expiratory) are composed of water-based salt-protein solution that may also contain an infection (bacterial/viral). The final patterns of the deposit formed and bacterial aggregation on the deposits are dictated by the fluid composition and flow dynamics within the droplet. EXPERIMENTS This work reports the spatio-temporal, topological regulation of deposits of respiratory fluid droplets and control of bacterial aggregation by tweaking flow inside droplets using non-contact vapor-mediated interactions. Desiccated respiratory droplets form deposits with haphazard multiscale dendritic, cruciform-shaped precipitates when evaporated on a glass substrate. However, we showcase that short and long-range vapor-mediated interaction between the droplets can be used as a tool to control these deposits at nano-micro-millimeter scales. We morphologically control hierarchial dendrite size, orientation and subsequently suppress cruciform-shaped crystals by placing a droplet of ethanol in the vicinity of the biofluid droplet. Active living matter in respiratory fluids like bacteria is preferentially segregated and agglomerated without its viability and pathogenesis attenuation. FINDINGS The nucleation sites can be controlled via preferential transfer of solutes in the droplets; thus, achieving control over crystal occurrence, growth dynamics, and the final topology of the deposit. For the first time, we have experimentally presented a proof-of-concept to control the aggregation of live active matter like bacteria without any direct contact. The methodology can have ramifications in biomedical applications like disease detection and bacterial segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Hegde
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Abdur Rasheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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The Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Evaporative Behaviour and Desiccation Patterns of Foetal Bovine Serum Drops. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The drying of bio-fluid drops results in the formation of complex patterns, which are morphologically and topographically affected by environmental conditions including temperature. We examine the effect of substrate temperatures between 20 °C and 40 °C, on the evaporative dynamics and dried deposits of foetal bovine serum (FBS) drops. The deposits consist of four zones: a peripheral protein ring, a zone of protein structures, a protein gel, and a central crystalline zone. We investigate the link between the evaporative behaviour, final deposit volume, and cracking. Drops dried at higher substrate temperatures in the range of 20 °C to 35 °C produce deposits of lower final volume. We attribute this to a lower water content and a more brittle gel in the deposits formed at higher temperatures. However, the average deposit volume is higher for drops dried at 40 °C compared to drops dried at 35 °C, indicating protein denaturation. Focusing on the protein ring, we show that the ring volume decreases with increasing temperature from 20 °C to 35 °C, whereas the number of cracks increases due to faster water evaporation. Interestingly, for deposits of drops dried at 40 °C, the ring volume increases, but the number of cracks also increases, suggesting an interplay between water evaporation and increasing strain in the deposits due to protein denaturation.
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Carreón YJP, Díaz-Hernández O, Escalera Santos GJ, Cipriano-Urbano I, Solorio-Ordaz FJ, González-Gutiérrez J, Zenit R. Texture Analysis of Dried Droplets for the Quality Control of Medicines. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4048. [PMID: 34208420 PMCID: PMC8231125 DOI: 10.3390/s21124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The quality control of medicines guarantees the effectiveness of treatments for diseases. We explore the use of texture analysis of patterns in dried droplets as a tool to readily detect both impurities and changes in drug concentration. Four types of medicines associated with different routes of administration were analyzed: Methotrexate, Ciprofloxacin, Clonazepam, and Budesonide. We use NaCl and a hot substrate at 63 ∘C to promote aggregate formation and to reduce droplet drying time. Depending on the medicine, optical microscopy reveals different complex aggregates such as circular to oval splatters, fern-like islands, crown shapes, crown needle-like and bump-like patterns as well as dendritic branched and star-like crystals. We use some physical features of the stains (as the stain diameter and superficial area) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) to characterize patterns of dried droplets. Finally, we show that structural analysis of stains can achieve 95% accuracy in identifying medicines with 30% water dilution, while it achieves 99% accuracy in detecting drugs with 10% other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yojana J. P. Carreón
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Orlando Díaz-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
| | - Gerardo J. Escalera Santos
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
| | - Ivan Cipriano-Urbano
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Piedras Negras, Coahuila 26090, Mexico;
| | - Francisco J. Solorio-Ordaz
- Departamento de Termofluidos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, México D.F. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Jorge González-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
- Departamento de Termofluidos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, México D.F. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Zenit
- Center for Fluid Mechanics, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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