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Lohani A, Saxena R, Khan S, Mascarenhas-Melo F. pH-responsive IPN beads of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a controlled release carrier for ibuprofen. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134676. [PMID: 39137855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The convergence of polymer and pharmaceutical sciences has advanced drug delivery systems significantly. Carbohydrate polymers, especially carboxymethylated ones, offer versatile benefits for pharmaceuticals. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) combine synthetic and natural polymers to enhance drug delivery. The study aims to develop IPN beads using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CMKGM) for controlled release of ibuprofen (IB) after oral administration. Objectives include formulation optimization, characterization of physicochemical properties, evaluation of pH-dependent swelling and drug release behaviors to advance biocompatible and efficient oral drug delivery systems. The beads were analyzed using SEM, FTIR, DSC, and XRD techniques. Different ratio of polymers (CMKGM:SCMS) and crosslinker concentrations (2&4 %w/v) were used, significantly impacting bead size, swelling, drug encapsulation, and release characteristics. DSC results indicated higher thermal stability in IPN beads compared to native polymers. XRD revealed IB dispersion within the polymer matrix. IPN beads size ranged from 580 ± 0.56 to 324 ± 0.27 μm, with a nearly spherical shape. IPN beads exhibited continuous release in alkaline conditions (pH 7.4) and minimal release in acidic media (pH 1.2). These findings suggest that the formulated IPN beads can modulate drug release in both acidic and alkaline environments, potentially mitigating the gastric adverse effects often associated with oral administration of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Lohani
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
| | - Ritika Saxena
- Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh 244102, India
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh 244102, India
| | - Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo
- Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Rua da Cadeia, 6300-307 Guarda, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Qu Y, Li X, Chen X, Li J, Yu Z, Shen R. Novel pH-sensitive gellan gum-ε-polylysine hydrogel microspheres for sulforaphene delivery. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39045717 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to improve the stability and utilization of sulforaphene (SFE) and to enhance the intestinal stability and pH-sensitive release of SFE in the gastrointestinal tract. To achieve this objective, calcium chloride (CaCl2) was used as a crosslinking agent to fabricate novel SFE-loaded gellan gum (GG)-ε-polylysine (ε-PL) pH-sensitive hydrogel microspheres by using the ionic crosslinking technique. RESULTS The molecular docking results of GG, ε-PL, and SFE were good and occurred in the natural state. The loading efficiency (LE) of all samples was above 70%. According to the structural characterization results, GG and ε-PL successfully embedded SFE in a three-dimensional network structure through electrostatic interaction. The swelling characteristics and in vitro release results revealed that the microspheres were pH-sensitive, and SFE was mainly retained inside the hydrogel microsphere in the stomach, and subsequently released in the intestine. The result of cytotoxicity assay showed that the hydrogel microspheres were non-toxic and had an inhibitory effect on human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSION Thus, the hydrogel microspheres could improve SFE stability and utilization and achieve the intestinal targeted delivery of SFE. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiuxia Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhangfu Yu
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Agriculture Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ronghu Shen
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Agriculture Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Hu P, Zhang M, Meng X, Zhang X, Shang M, Duan X, Wang C. Portable SERS-Based POCT Kit for Ultrafast and Sensitive Determining Paraquat in Human Gastric Juice and Urine. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18576-18583. [PMID: 38680347 PMCID: PMC11044205 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) poisoning poses a significant public health concern. Unfortunately, point-of-care testing (POCT) of PQ in biofluids remains challenging. This study developed a portable kit that enables swift and reliable identification and quantification of PQ in human urine and gastric juice. The approach employed the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, leveraging gold-silver core-shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) as the substrate. The kit comprised a portable Raman spectrometer and three sealed tubes containing Au@Ag NPs colloid, KI solution, and MgSO4 solution. A discernible correlation was observed between signal intensity and the logarithmic concentration, spanning from 5 to 500 μg/L in urine and 10 μg/L to 1 mg/L in gastric juice. The detection limits, calculated from the characteristic peak at 1648 cm -1, were 1.36 and 4.05 μg/L in human urine and gastric juice, respectively. Notably, this POCT kit obviated the need for pretreatment procedures, and the detection process was accomplished within 1 min, yielding satisfactory recoveries. This expeditious time frame is crucial for clinical diagnosis and rescue operations. Compared to conventional methods, this kit demonstrated real-time determinations in nonlaboratory settings. The simplicity and practicality of this POCT assay suggest its significant potential as an innovative alternative for poisoning detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanru Li
- Physical
and Chemical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and
Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical
University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- The
First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Physical
and Chemical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and
Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical
University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Peishan Hu
- Physical
and Chemical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and
Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical
University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Mengping Zhang
- Physical
and Chemical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and
Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical
University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Physical
and Chemical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and
Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical
University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- Physical
and Chemical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and
Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical
University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Ming Shang
- Department
of Key Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiuping Duan
- Emergency
department, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Cuijuan Wang
- Physical
and Chemical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and
Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical
University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
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Xu D, Cheng Y, Lin W, Han S, Wu S, Mondal AK, Li A, Huang F. Di-aldehyde tunicate cellulose nanocrystal (D-tCNC) aerogels for drug delivery: Effect of D-tCNC composition on aerogel structure and release properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128345. [PMID: 38007011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels as drug carriers have the characteristics of a large specific surface area, high porosity and an elastic skeleton structure. Compared with traditional drug carriers, the use of aerogels as drug carriers can avoid the complexity of drug delivery and improve the efficiency of drug loading. In this work, the oxidation of tunicate cellulose nanocrystals (tCNCs) with NaIO4 was used to prepare di-aldehyde tunicate cellulose nanocrystals (D-tCNCs). Tetracycline (TC) was used as a drug model and pH-responsive drug-loaded aerogels were prepared by the Schiff base reaction between TC and the aldehyde group on D-tCNCs. The chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, compression properties, porosity, swelling rate and drug loading properties were investigated by FT-IR, XRD, SEM and universal testing machines. The results showed that the porosity and equilibrium swelling ratio of the D-tCNC-TC aerogels were 95.87 % and 17.52 g/g, respectively. The stress of the D-tCNC-TC aerogel at 15 % compression was 0.07 MPa. Moreover, the analysis of drug-loaded aerogels indicated that the drug loading and encapsulation rates of D-tCNC-TC aerogels were 16.86 % and 78.75 %, respectively. In in vitro release experiments, the cumulative release rate of drug-loaded aerogel at pH = 1.2 and pH = 7.4 was 87.5 % and 79.3 %, respectively. These results indicated that D-tCNC-TC aerogels have good drug loading capacity and are pH-responsive in the pH range of 1.2 to 7.4. The prepared D-tCNC-TC aerogels are expected to be applied in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Xu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Weijie Lin
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shibo Han
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ajoy Kanti Mondal
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Ao Li
- Plant Fibril Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Illanes-Bordomás C, Landin M, García-González CA. Aerogels as Carriers for Oral Administration of Drugs: An Approach towards Colonic Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2639. [PMID: 38004617 PMCID: PMC10674668 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide aerogels have emerged as a highly promising technology in the field of oral drug delivery. These nanoporous, ultralight materials, derived from natural polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch, or chitin, have significant potential in colonic drug delivery due to their unique properties. The particular degradability of polysaccharide-based materials by the colonic microbiota makes them attractive to produce systems to load, protect, and release drugs in a controlled manner, with the capability to precisely target the colon. This would allow the local treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies such as colon cancer or inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite their great potential, these applications of polysaccharide aerogels have not been widely explored. This review aims to consolidate the available knowledge on the use of polysaccharides for oral drug delivery and their performance, the production methods for polysaccharide-based aerogels, the drug loading possibilities, and the capacity of these nanostructured systems to target colonic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Landin
- AerogelsLab, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- AerogelsLab, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
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Zhu Y, Li H, Peng C, Ma J, Huang S, Wang R, Wu B, Xiong Q, Peng D, Huang S, Chen J. Application of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125727. [PMID: 37429347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems have emerged as a prominent research focus in the field of drug development, offering enhanced stability and improved bioavailability. Among them, protein (silk, gelatin and whey) or polysaccharide (alginate, chitosan, cellulose, starch, pectin and carrageenan) aerogels derived from natural sources have gained increasing popularity due to their unique advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, flexible preparation, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, despite their growing significance, there remains a lack of comprehensive information and ongoing confusion regarding the application of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system. Hence, the objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in protein/polysaccharide aerogels for drug delivery systems from the perspective of aerogels category, synthesis strategy, drug-loading method, performance characteristic and release mechanism. Furthermore, by consolidating the existing information, we aimed to present our own perspectives and insights on the future development of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system. In conclusion, this comprehensive review served as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars, addressing the current gaps in knowledge and clarifying the complex landscape of protein/polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hailun Li
- Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223002, PR China
| | - Can Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, PR China
| | - Jingrui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
| | - Shaojun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
| | - Bingmin Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qingping Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China.
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, PR China.
| | - Song Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China.
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Hu Z, Zhang R, Xu S, Wang J, Li X, Hu J, Reheman A. Construction of nano-drug delivery and antitumor system of stimuli-responsive polypeptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 226:113310. [PMID: 37054465 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The size of the nanoparticles is moderate and the dispersion is well, which will not be recognized nonspecifically and clearance by the endothelial reticular system. In this study, stimuli-responsive polypeptides nano-delivery system has been constructed, which can realize the response to various stimuli in the tumor microenvironment. Tertiary amine groups are grafted to the side chain of polypeptides as the point of charge reversal and particle expansion. In addition, a new kind of liquid crystal monomer was prepared by substituting cholesterol-cysteamine, which can promote polymers to realize the transformation of spatial conformation by adjusting the ordered arrangement of macromolecules. The introduction of hydrophobic elements greatly enhanced the self-assembly performance of polypeptides, which could effectively improve the drug loading and encapsulation rate of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles could achieve targeted aggregation in tumor tissues, and there were no toxicity and side effects on normal bodies during treatment, with good safety in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Shiying Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Toxicology, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Toxicology, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China; Fujian Province University Engineering Research Center of Mindong She Medicine, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China
| | - Xianjun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Toxicology, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China; Fujian Province University Engineering Research Center of Mindong She Medicine, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China.
| | - Jianshe Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
| | - Aikebaier Reheman
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Toxicology, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China; Fujian Province University Engineering Research Center of Mindong She Medicine, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China
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Polyphenol Release and Antioxidant Activity of the Encapsulated Antioxidant Crude Extract from Cold Brew Spent Coffee Grounds under Simulated Food Processes and an In Vitro Static Gastrointestinal Model. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051000. [PMID: 36900517 PMCID: PMC10000879 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An ionic gelation technique based on an alginate-calcium-based encapsulation process was prepared as the delivery matrix for antioxidant crude extracts from cold brew spent coffee grounds (350 mg/mL). All the encapsulated samples were treated with different simulated food processes, namely pH 3, pH 7, low-temperature long-time (LTLT) pasteurization, and high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, to evaluate the stability of the encapsulated matrices. The results showed that alginate (2%, w/v)/maltodextrin (2%, w/v) (CM), and alginate (2%, w/v)/inulin (5%, w/v) (CI) could enhance encapsulation efficiency (89.76 and 85.78%, respectively) and provide lower swelling behavior after being treated using the simulated food processes. Both CM and CI could control the release of antioxidants during the gastric phase (2.28-3.98 and 2.52-4.00%, respectively) and gradual release in the intestinal phase (6.80-11.78 and 4.16-12.72%, respectively) compared to pure alginate (CA). In addition, pasteurization treatment at pH 7.0 produced the highest accumulated release of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) after digestion in the in vitro gastrointestinal system compared to the other simulated food processes. The thermal process resulted in a greater release of compounds from the encapsulated matrix during the gastric phase. On the other hand, the treatment with pH 3.0 resulted in the lowest accumulated release of TPC and DPPH (5.08 and 5.12%, respectively), which indicated phytochemical protection.
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Enteric coating of drug loaded aerogel particles in a wurster fluidized bed and its effect on release behaviour. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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10
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de Brito Soares AL, Maia MT, Gomes SDL, da Silva TF, Vieira RS. Polysaccharide-based bioactive adsorbents for blood-contacting implant devices. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-022-00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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