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Fan L, Su W, Zhang X, Yang S, Zhu Y, Liu X. Self-assembly of sophorolipid and eugenol into stable nanoemulsions for synergetic antibacterial properties through alerting membrane integrity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113749. [PMID: 38241893 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the natural, safe, and effective antimicrobial is one of the preferable ways to control foodborne bacteria. In this work, novel oil-in-water nanoemulsions were formulated with sophorolipids and eugenol without any co-surfactant using a self-assembling strategy. These nanoemulsions showed high stability with sizes less than 200 nm when exposure to low concentrations of salt ions, various pH values (5.0, 7.0, 10.0), storage temperature and time. The synergistic antibacterial effects against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus cereus were determined with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.5 mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL, respectively. Further microscopy (SEM, TEM, LCSM) examination and ATP/Na+-K+-ATPase assay results showed that the morphological changes, intensive cell membrane permeability, leakage of ATP, and decreased Na+-K+-ATPase contributed to the antibacterial effects. Moreover, the bonding mechanism between nanoemulsions and cell membranes were further evaluated by FTIR and ITC using a DPPC vesicle model, which demonstrated that the nanoemulsions adsorbed on the surface of bilayer, interacted with the hydrophobic chains of DPPC membrane mainly through the hydrophobic interaction, and altered the structural integrity of the lipid bilayer. These results not only provide a facile green strategy for fabricating stable nanoemulsions, but also highlight a new perspective for stabilizing essential oils for their widely application in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fan
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Su
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suqun Yang
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Gu X, Xu L, Yuan H, Li C, Zhao J, Li S, Yu D. Sophorolipid-toluidine blue conjugates for improved antibacterial photodynamic therapy through high accumulation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11782-11793. [PMID: 37077994 PMCID: PMC10106977 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01618h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-bacterial photodynamic therapy is the most promising treatment protocol for bacterial infection, but low accumulation of photosensitizers has seriously hindered their development in clinical application. Here, with inherent outstanding affinity to bacterial cell envelope, sophorolipid produced from Candida bombicola has been conjugated to toluidine blue (SL-TB) through amidation reaction. The structure of SL-TB conjugates was identified by 1H-NMR, FT-IR and ESI-HRMS. The interfacial assembly and photophysical properties of SL-TB conjugates have been disclosed through surface tension, micro-polarity, electronic and fluorescence spectra. After light irradiation, the log10 (reduced CFU) of free toluidine blue to P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were 4.5 and 7.9, respectively. In contrast, SL-TB conjugates showed a higher bactericidal activity, with a reduction of 6.3 and 9.7 log10 units of CFU against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively. The fluorescence quantitative results showed that SL-TB could accumulate 2850 nmol/1011 cells and 4360 nmol/1011 cells by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, which was much higher than the accumulation of 462 nmol/1011 cells and 827 nmol/1011 cells of free toluidine blue. Through the cooperation of triple factors, including sophorose affinity to bacterial cells, hydrophobic association with plasma membrane, and electrostatic attraction, higher SL-TB accumulation was acquired, which has enhanced antibacterial photodynamic efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Gu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Lixian Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University No.121 Jiangjiayuan Road Nanjing 210000 P. R. China
| | - Haoyang Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Cailing Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Juan Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Dinghua Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
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Zykova VA, Surovtsev NV. Brillouin Spectroscopy of Binary Phospholipid-Cholesterol Bilayers. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1206-1215. [PMID: 35712869 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent lipid bilayers are used as models for searching the origin of spatial heterogeneities in biomembranes called lipid rafts, implying the coexistence of domains of different phases and compositions within the lipid bilayer. The spatial organization of multicomponent lipid bilayers on a scale of a hundred nanometers remains unknown. Brillouin spectroscopy providing information about the acoustic phonons with the wavelength of several hundred nanometers has an unexplored potential for this problem. Here, we applied Brillouin spectroscopy for three binary bilayers composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and cholesterol. The Brillouin experiment for the oriented planar multibilayers was realized for two scattering geometries involving phonons for the lateral and normal directions of the propagation. The DPPC-DOPC mixtures known for the coexistence of the solid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases had bimodal Brillouin peaks, revealing the phase domains with sizes more than a hundred nanometers. Analysis of the Brillouin data for the binary mixtures concluded that the lateral phonons are preferable for testing the lateral homogeneity of the bilayers, while the phonons spreading across the bilayers are sensitive to the layered packing at the mesoscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Zykova
- 104673Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Surovtsev
- 104673Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ma XJ, Wang T, Zhang HM, Shao JQ, Jiang M, Wang H, Zhu HX, Zhou D. Comparison of inhibitory effects and mechanisms of lactonic sophorolipid on different pathogenic bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:929932. [PMID: 36238587 PMCID: PMC9552708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.929932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude sophorolipids (SLs) have been proven to perform varying degrees of inhibitory effects on different pathogenic bacteria. However, systematic comparative studies of pure lactonic sophorolipid (LSL) among different types of bacteria are few. In this study, the antibacterial effects and mechanisms of LSL on pathogenic bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were investigated. Bacteriostatic circle, antibacterial rate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of LSL on different pathogenic bacteria were measured. Then, the antibacterial mechanisms of LSL on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were explored using ultrastructural observation, cell membrane permeability analysis, intracellular ATP content determination, and extracellular UV absorption detection. With the minimum MIC and MBC values of 0.05 and 0.20 mg/ml, LSL exhibited the best inhibitory effect against S. aureus, followed by P. aeruginosa. LSL showed no significant inhibitory effect on E. coli and Lactobacillus sp. For both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, LSL achieved bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects by destroying the cell wall, increasing the permeability of the cell membrane and leading to the flow out of intracellular contents. However, the action mode and action intensity of LSL on the cell wall and membrane of these two bacteria were significantly different. LSL had a greater influence on the cell membrane of S. aureus by “leaking,” while it exhibited a stronger effect on the cell wall of P. aeruginosa by “blasting.” These results contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between LSL and different bacterial cell structures, further suggesting the conclusion that LSL might be used for the targeted treatment of special pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jing Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-jing Ma,
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-min Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-qian Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Huai Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-xia Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Dong Zhou,
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Ma X, Wang T, Yu Z, Shao J, Chu J, Zhu H, Yao R. Formulation and Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Etoposide-Loaded Submicron Emulsions with Biosurfactant of Sophorolipids. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:181. [PMID: 35773548 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoposide (ETO), a traditional anticancer chemotherapeutic agent, is commercialized in oral soft gelatin capsules and non-aqueous parenteral solutions form. Novel formulation application and new excipients exploration are needed to improve the water-solubility and comfort of the drug administration. In the present study, novel etoposide-loaded submicron emulsions (ESE) with the biosurfactants of acidic sophorolipid (ASL) and lactonic sophorolipid (LSL) instead of the chemical surfactant of Tween-80 were prepared and characterized. Firstly, parameters of medium-chain triglyceride: long-chain triglyceride (MCT:LCT), lecithin concentration, homogenization pressure and cycle, and type and concentration of surfactants were investigated to optimize the formation of ESEs. Then the physicochemical properties, antitumor activity, stability, and security of ESEs were compared. The results showed that ASL performed the best properties and activities than Tween-80 and LSL in ESE formation. ASL-ESE showed higher drug loading capacity, slower release rate, and significantly increased antitumor activity against ovarian cancer cell line A2780 via apoptosis than Tween-ESE and commercial ETO injection. Besides, both ASL-ESE and Tween-ESE caused no hemolysis, and the safe dose of ASL was 2.14-fold that of Tween-80 in the hemolysis test, making ASL more reliable for drug delivery applications. Furthermore, ASL-ESE exhibited equivalent long-term and autoclaving stability to Tween-ESE. These results thus suggested the excellent competences of ASL in ESE formation, efficacy enhancement, and safety improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 02215, USA.
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zequan Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Junqian Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jun Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 02215, USA.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Centre of Scientific Research Technology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Huixia Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Risheng Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, China
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