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Shao Y, Li X, Qi X, Li J, Zhao S, Sun P, Wang H, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhu M. A graphene oxide-assisted protein immobilization paper-tip immunosensor with smartphone and naked eye readout for the detection of okadaic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1314:342781. [PMID: 38876519 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Okadaic acid (OA), as a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, can increase the risk of acute carcinogenic or teratogenic effects for the ingestion of OA contaminated shellfish. At present, much effort has been made to graft immunoassay onto a paper substrate to make paper-based sensors for rapid and simple detection of shellfish toxin. However, the complicated washing steps and low protein fixation efficiency on the paper substrate need to be further addressed. RESULTS A novel paper-tip immunosensor for detecting OA was developed combined with smartphone and naked eye readout. The trapezoid paper tip was consisted of quantitative and qualitative detection zones. To improve the OA antigen immobilization efficiency on the paper substrate, graphene oxide (GO)-assisted protein immobilization method was introduced. Meanwhile, Au nanoparticles composite probe combined with the lateral flow washing was developed to simplify the washing step. The OA antigen-immobilized zone, as the detection zone Ⅰ, was used for quantitative assay by smartphone imaging. The paper-tip front, as the detection zone Ⅱ, which could qualitatively differentiate OA pollution level within 45 min using the naked eye. The competitive immunoassay on the paper tip exhibited a wide linear range for detecting OA (0.02-50 ng∙mL-1) with low detection limit of 0.02 ng∙mL-1. The recovery of OA in spiked shellfish samples was in the range of 90.3 %-113.%. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrated that the proposed paper-tip immunosensor could provide a simple, low-cost and high-sensitivity test for OA detection without the need for additional large-scale equipment or expertise. We anticipate that this paper-tip immunosensor will be a flexible and versatile tool for on-site detecting the pollution of marine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | | | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Longyu Chen
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Meijia Zhu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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Aventaggiato M, Valentini F, Caissutti D, Relucenti M, Tafani M, Misasi R, Zicari A, Di Martino S, Virtuoso S, Neri A, Mardente S. Biological Effects of Small Sized Graphene Oxide Nanosheets on Human Leukocytes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:256. [PMID: 38397858 PMCID: PMC10887315 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of graphene, there has been a wide range of the literature dealing with its versatile structure and easy binding of biomolecules as well as its large loading capacity. In the emerging field of immunotherapy, graphene and its derivatives have potential uses as drug delivery platforms directly into tumour sites or as adjuvants in cancer vaccines, as they are internalized by monocytes which in turn may activate adaptive anti-tumoral immune responses. In this study, we expose cells of the innate immune system and a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) to low doses of small-sized GO nanosheets functionalized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), to study their acute response after internalization. We show by flow cytometry, uptake in cells of GO-BSA-FITC reaches 80% and cell viability and ROS production are both unaffected by exposure to nanoparticles. On the contrary, GO-BSA nanosheets seem to have an inhibitory effect on ROS production, probably due to their antioxidant properties. We also provided results on chemotaxis of macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes treated with GO-BSA. In conclusion, we showed the size of nanosheets, the concentration used and the degree of functionalization were important factors for biocompatibility of GO in immune cells. Its low cytotoxicity and high adaptability to the cells of the innate immune system make it a good candidate for deployment in immunotherapy, in particular for delivering protein antigens to monocytes which activate adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Aventaggiato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (D.C.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.Z.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Federica Valentini
- Department of Sciences and Chemical Technologies, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Caissutti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (D.C.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.Z.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (D.C.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.Z.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (D.C.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.Z.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Alessandra Zicari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (D.C.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.Z.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Sara Di Martino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (D.C.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.Z.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Sara Virtuoso
- Higher Institute of Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Neri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Viale Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Mardente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (D.C.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.Z.); (S.D.M.)
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Stabilization of lysozyme in aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide sheets. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113250. [PMID: 36905833 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of surface oxygen groups upon ability of graphene oxide (GO) sheets in suppressing the fibrillation of lysozyme (LYZ). Graphite was oxidized using 6 and 8 wt equivalents of KMnO4, and as produced sheets were abbreviated as GO-06 and GO-08, respectively. Particulate characteristics of sheets were characterized by light scattering and electron microscopic techniques, and their interaction with LYZ was analysed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. After ascertaining acid-driven conversion of LYZ to fibrillary form, we have shown that the fibrillation of dispersed protein can be prevented by adding GO sheets. Inhibitory effect could be attributed to binding of LYZ over the sheets via noncovalent forces. A comparison between GO-06 and GO-08 samples showed superior binding affinity of the latter. Higher aqueous dispersibility and density of oxygenated groups in GO-08 sheets would have facilitated the adsorption of protein molecules, thus making them unavailable for aggregation. Pre-treatment of GO sheets with Pluronic 103 (P103, a nonionic triblock copolymer), caused reduction in the adsorption of LYZ. P103 aggregates would have rendered the sheet surface unavailable for the adsorption of LYZ. Based on these observations, we conclude that fibrillation of LYZ can be prevented in association with graphene oxide sheets.
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Detection and modulation of neurodegenerative processes using graphene-based nanomaterials: Nanoarchitectonics and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102824. [PMID: 36549182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are caused by progressive loss of functional neurons following the aggregation and fibrillation of proteins in the central nervous system. The incidence rate continues to rise alarmingly worldwide, particularly in aged population, and the success of treatment remains limited to symptomatic relief. Graphene nanomaterials (GNs) have attracted immense interest on the account of their unique physicochemical and optoelectronic properties. The research over the past two decades has recognized their ability to interact with aggregation-prone neuronal proteins, regulate autophagy and modulate the electrophysiology of neuronal cells. Graphene can prevent the formation of higher order protein aggregates and facilitate the clearance of such deposits. In this review, after highlighting the role of protein fibrillation in neurodegeneration, we have discussed how GN-protein interactions can be exploited for preventing neurodegeneration. A comprehensive understanding of such interactions would contribute to the exploration of novel modalities for controlling neurodegenerative processes.
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Rahimi S, Chen Y, Zareian M, Pandit S, Mijakovic I. Cellular and subcellular interactions of graphene-based materials with cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114467. [PMID: 35914588 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in early detection and personalized treatment, cancer is still among the leading causes of death globally. One of the possible anticancer approaches that is presently receiving a lot of attention is the development of nanocarriers capable of specific and efficient delivery of anticancer drugs. Graphene-based materials are promising nanocarriers in this respect, due to their high drug loading capacity and biocompatibility. In this review, we present an overview on the interactions of graphene-based materials with normal mammalian cells at the molecular level as well as cellular and subcellular levels, including plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and membrane-bound organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisome. In parallel, we assemble the knowledge about the interactions of graphene-based materials with cancerous cells, that are considered as the potential applications of these materials for cancer therapy including metastasis treatment, targeted drug delivery, and differentiation to non-cancer stem cells. We highlight the influence of key parameters, such as the size and surface chemistry of graphene-based materials that govern the efficiency of internalization and biocompatibility of these particles in vitro and in vivo. Finally, this review aims to correlate the key parameters of graphene-based nanomaterials specially graphene oxide, such as size and surface modifications, to their interactions with the cancerous and non-cancerous cells for designing and engineering them for bio-applications and especially for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Rahimi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Zareian
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden; State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Paper-making, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Luo Z, Qin D, Wu Y, Meng S, Mo W, Deng B. An electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on ABEI-GO-AgNPs as a double-amplified luminophore for the ultra-sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112718. [PMID: 35905591 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A sandwich electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor based on an N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol-graphene oxide-Ag nanoparticle (ABEI-GO-AgNPs) complex and cysteine silver nanowires (AgCysNWs) was prepared to detect prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Our results showed that an ECL signal probe, ABEI-GO-AgNPs, with an ultrahigh specific surface area, favorable catalytic properties, and electrical conductivity was prepared by a one-step synthesis method. ABEI-GO-AgNPs with good biocompatibility immobilized secondary antibody (Ab2) via AgN bonds. Furthermore, AgCysNWs containing many -COOH groups were prepared and used to enrich primary antibody (Ab1), which could be used as an affinity probe for the selective capture of PSA. Lastly, through layer-by-layer assembly, we established an ECL immunosensing platform for the sensitive detection of PSA. Under the optimized conditions, the designed ECL immunosensor showed promising sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of PSA in the linear range of 5.5 × 10-7-5.5 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 1.2 × 10-7 ng/mL. The constructed ECL sensing platform possessed good specificity, reproducibility, and stability and could detect PSA in actual human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dongmiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shuo Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Weiming Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Biyang Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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