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Cioffi L, Grassi D, Diviccaro S, Caruso D, Pinto-Benito D, Arevalo MA, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC, Giatti S. Sex chromosome complement interacts with gonadal hormones in determining regional-specific neuroactive steroid levels in plasma, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. A study using the four core genotype mouse model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 241:106514. [PMID: 38554982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
An important aspect of the neuromodulatory and neuroprotective actions exerted by neuroactive steroids is that they are sex-specific, as determined by the sexually dimorphic levels of these molecules in plasma and the nervous tissue. Thus, the identification of the factors that generate the sex-dimorphic levels of neuroactive steroids may be crucial from a neuroprotectant perspective. The main driver for sex determination in mammals is the SRY gene and the subsequent presence of a specific gonad: testes for males and ovaries for females, thus producing hormonal compounds, primarily androgens and estrogens, respectively. Nowadays, it is well established that despite the relevance of gonads, other factors control sexual features, and, among them, sex chromosome complement is highly relevant. In this study, neuroactive steroids were evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and plasma of the four core genotype mouse model, to determine the relative contribution of sex chromosome complement and gonads in determining their sex dimorphic levels. The data obtained reveal that although gonads are the main contributing factor for sex differences in neuroactive steroid levels, the levels of some neuroactive steroids, including testosterone, are also influenced in brain and plasma by tissue-specific actions of sex chromosomes. The data presented here adds a new piece to the puzzle of steroid level regulation, which may be useful in designing sex-specific neuroprotective approaches to pathological conditions affecting the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cioffi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Itlay
| | - Daniela Grassi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Itlay
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Itlay
| | - Daniel Pinto-Benito
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Maria-Angeles Arevalo
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Itlay
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Itlay
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Aoki E, Manabe N, Ohno S, Aoki T, Furukawa JI, Togayachi A, Aoki-Kinoshita K, Inokuchi JI, Kurosawa K, Kaname T, Yamaguchi Y, Nishihara S. Predicting the pathogenicity of missense variants based on protein instability to support diagnosis of patients with novel variants of ARSL. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2023; 37:101016. [PMID: 38053926 PMCID: PMC10694752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases are estimated to affect 3.5%-5.9% of the population worldwide and are difficult to diagnose. Genome analysis is useful for diagnosis. However, since some variants, especially missense variants, are also difficult to interpret, tools to accurately predict the effect of missense variants are very important and needed. Here we developed a method, "VarMeter", to predict whether a missense variant is damaging based on Gibbs free energy and solvent-accessible surface area calculated from the AlphaFold 3D protein model. We applied this method to the whole-exome sequencing data of 900 individuals with rare or undiagnosed disease in our in-house database, and identified four who were hemizygous for missense variants of arylsulfatase L (ARSL; known as the genetic cause of chondrodysplasia punctata 1, CPDX1). Two individuals had a novel Ser89 to Asn (Ser89Asn) or Arg469 to Trp (Arg469Trp) substitution, respectively predicted as "damaging" or "benign"; the other two had an Arg111 to His (Arg111His) or Gly117 to Arg (Gly117Arg) substitution, respectively predicted as "damaging" or "possibly damaging" and previously reported in patients showing clinical manifestations of CDPX1. Expression and analysis of the missense variant proteins showed that the predicted pathogenic variants (Ser89Asn, Arg111His, and Gly117Arg) had complete loss of sulfatase activity and reduced protease resistance due to destabilization of protein structure, while the predicted benign variant (Arg469Trp) had activity and protease resistance comparable to those of wild-type ARSL. The individual with the novel pathogenic Ser89Asn variant exhibited characteristics of CDPX1, while the individual with the benign Arg469Trp variant exhibited no such characteristics. These findings demonstrate that VarMeter may be used to predict the deleteriousness of variants found in genome sequencing data and thereby support disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Aoki
- Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji 192-8577, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Manabe
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shiho Ohno
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Taiga Aoki
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Togayachi
- Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji 192-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Aoki-Kinoshita
- Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji 192-8577, Japan
| | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaname
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji 192-8577, Japan
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Yu M, Wu M, Secundo F, Liu Z. Detection, production, modification, and application of arylsulfatases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108207. [PMID: 37406746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase is a subset of sulfatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of aryl sulfate ester. Arylsulfatase is widely distributed among microorganisms, mammals and green algae, but the arylsulfatase-encoding gene has not yet been found in the genomes of higher plants so far. Arylsulfatase plays an important role in the sulfur flows between nature and organisms. In this review, we present the maturation and catalytic mechanism of arylsulfatase, and the recent literature on the expression and production of arylsulfatase in wild-type and engineered microorganisms, as well as the modification of arylsulfatase by genetic engineering are summarized. We focus on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and give an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the researches about arylsulfatase application on the field of agar desulfation, soil sulfur cycle and soil evaluation are also discussed. Finally, the perspectives concerning the future research on arylsulfatase are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Yu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Meixian Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
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Villegas-Mirón P, Acosta S, Nye J, Bertranpetit J, Laayouni H. Chromosome X-wide Analysis of Positive Selection in Human Populations: Common and Private Signals of Selection and its Impact on Inactivated Genes and Enhancers. Front Genet 2021; 12:714491. [PMID: 34646300 PMCID: PMC8502928 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.714491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of detecting adaptive (positive) selection in the genome has opened the possibility of understanding the genetic basis of population-specific adaptations genome-wide. Here, we present the analysis of recent selective sweeps, specifically in the X chromosome, in human populations from the third phase of the 1,000 Genomes Project using three different haplotype-based statistics. We describe instances of recent positive selection that fit the criteria of hard or soft sweeps, and detect a higher number of events among sub-Saharan Africans than non-Africans (Europe and East Asia). A global enrichment of neural-related processes is observed and numerous genes related to fertility appear among the top candidates, reflecting the importance of reproduction in human evolution. Commonalities with previously reported genes under positive selection are found, while particularly strong new signals are reported in specific populations or shared across different continental groups. We report an enrichment of signals in genes that escape X chromosome inactivation, which may contribute to the differentiation between sexes. We also provide evidence of a widespread presence of soft-sweep-like signatures across the chromosome and a global enrichment of highly scoring regions that overlap potential regulatory elements. Among these, enhancers-like signatures seem to present putative signals of positive selection which might be in concordance with selection in their target genes. Also, particularly strong signals appear in regulatory regions that show differential activities, which might point to population-specific regulatory adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villegas-Mirón
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Department Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Nye
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hafid Laayouni
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Studies, ESCI-UPF, Barcelona, Spain
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Elghezal H, Alfayez K, Ben Abdallah I, Alfares A, Almazyad A, Al Jasser A, Almobadel N, Alsuhaibani O, Alhashem A. Hypospadias in ring X syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104225. [PMID: 33872775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ring X is a chromosomal anomaly mainly seen in females with turner syndrome and usually present in mosaic form with 45,X cells (45,X/46,X,r(X)) because of their mitotic instability. In males it is an extremely rare finding because large nullisomy for X chromosome material is likely not compatible with survival. Only two cases of male with ring chromosome X were previously reported. We report here a four-year-old male with ring chromosome X characterized using Karyotype, FISH and array CGH and presenting short stature, microcephaly and hypospadias. Molecular investigations showed 923 Kb terminal deletion on the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) including SHOX gene followed by a duplication of 2.4 Mb. The absence of functional nullisomy because of a second copy of deleted genes was present in chromosome Y PAR1 region may explain the compatibility with survival in our case of male with ring X. Short stature common with the two previously reported cases is likely related to SHOX gene deletion but also to the effect of "ring syndrome". However, hypospadias was not reported in the previous cases and can be due to the associated duplication outside PAR1 region including in particular PRKX gene coding for a protein involved in urogenital system morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Elghezal
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khowla Alfayez
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inesse Ben Abdallah
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfares
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesh Almazyad
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al Jasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Almobadel
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alsuhaibani
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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