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Caparroz M, Guzmán JL, Berenguel M, Acién FG. A novel data-driven model for prediction and adaptive control of pH in raceway reactor for microalgae cultivation. N Biotechnol 2024; 82:1-13. [PMID: 38615946 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This work proposes a new data-driven model to estimate and predict pH dynamics in freshwater raceway photobioreactors. The resulting model is based purely on data measured from the reactor and divides the pH dynamics into two different behaviors. One behavior is described by the variation of pH due to the photosynthesis phenomena made by microalgae; and the other comes from the effect of CO2 injections into the medium for control purposes. Moreover, it was observed that the model parameters vary throughout the day depending on the weather conditions and reactor status. Thus, a decision tree algorithm is also developed to capture the parameter variation based on measured variables of the system, such as solar radiation, medium temperature, and medium level. The proposed model has been validated for a data set of more than 100 days during 10 months in a semi-industrial raceway reactor, covering a wide range of weather and system scenarios. Additionally, the proposed model was used to design an adaptive control algorithm which was also experimentally tested and compared with a classical fixed parameter control approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caparroz
- University of Almería, Department of Informatics, ceiA3, CIESOL, Ctra. Sacramento, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - J L Guzmán
- University of Almería, Department of Informatics, ceiA3, CIESOL, Ctra. Sacramento, Almería 04120, Spain.
| | - M Berenguel
- University of Almería, Department of Informatics, ceiA3, CIESOL, Ctra. Sacramento, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - F G Acién
- University of Almería, Department of Chemical Engineering, ceiA3, CIESOL, Ctra. Sacramento, Almería 04120, Spain
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Rodríguez-Miranda E, Sánchez-Zurano A, Guzmán JL, Acién G, Visioli A. A seasonal simulation approach for culture depth influence on the temperature for different characterized microalgae strains. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100489. [PMID: 35567392 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Irradiance and temperature are among the most important variables that affect microalgae growth, being both difficult to control in outdoor raceway reactors utilized for large-scale production of microalgae biomass. They are mainly a function of the location of the reactors, thus, producing certain strains of microalgae in inappropriate places conduces to the failure of the systems. To be able to determine important parameters of any microalgae strains on the performance of the culture, such as the influence of irradiance and temperature, is a powerful tool in decision-making processes. In addition, whatever the strain and location, operation strategies must be defined for each specific case, such as the imposed dilution rate and culture depth, both influencing the light availability and temperature of the culture as major variables determining the biomass productivity. In this paper, a simulation-based methodology is proposed to establish the influence of season and culture depth on the 1-year age irradiance and temperature of the culture, and thus on the biomass productivity of different microalgae strains. Up to five of the most frequently produced strains, such as Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Isochrysis galbana and Scenedesmus almeriensis have been considered. The challenge is to develop an easy-to-manage decision-making tool for the optimal design and operation of large-scale microalgae facilities. Especially, dates for microalgae production and culture depth at which the reactors must be operated will be provided, being valid for any microalgae strain. The proposed methodology will largely contribute to the risk of investment in this field, then to enlarge the relevance of the microalgae production industry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Sánchez-Zurano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CIESOL ceiA3, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - José Luis Guzmán
- Departamento de Informática, CIESOL ceiA3, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Gabriel Acién
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CIESOL ceiA3, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio Visioli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Barceló-Villalobos M, Hoyo Á, Rodríguez-Miranda E, Guzmán JL, Acién FG. A new control strategy to improve the mass transfer capacity and reduce air injection costs in raceway reactors. N Biotechnol 2022; 70:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rodríguez-Miranda E, Guzmán JL, Berenguel M, Acién FG, Visioli A. Diurnal and nocturnal pH control in microalgae raceway reactors by combining classical and event-based control approaches. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1155-1165. [PMID: 33055405 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pH control in raceway reactors is crucial for an optimal performance of the system. Classical pH control is exclusively performed during the daytime period for cost saving reasons. This paper demonstrates that pH can be controlled 24 hours a day by using both a continuous-based and an event-based control approach, being able to improve the system's performance and reducing costs at the same time. Thus, experimental tests on a raceway reactor for several days are presented to show a comparison between traditional control algorithms during the daytime period versus an event-based control approach operating during both daytime and night-time periods. As a result, the combination of classical PI control for the daytime period and the event-based control for the night-time period is presented as a promising pH control architecture in raceway reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez-Miranda
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy E-mail:
| | - J L Guzmán
- Dep. de Informática, University of Almería, CIESOL ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M Berenguel
- Dep. de Informática, University of Almería, CIESOL ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - F G Acién
- Dep. de Ingeniería, University of Almería, CIESOL, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A Visioli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy E-mail:
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Moraes L, Rosa GM, Cara IM, Santos LO, Morais MG, Grima EM, Costa JAV, Fernández FGA. Bioprocess strategies for enhancing the outdoor production of Nannochloropsis gaditana: an evaluation of the effects of pH on culture performance in tubular photobioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1823-1832. [PMID: 32588115 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A priority of the industrial applications of microalgae is the reduction of production costs while maximizing algae biomass productivity. The purpose of this study was to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of pH control on the production of Nannochloropsis gaditana in tubular photobioreactors under external conditions while considering the environmental, biological, and operational parameters of the process. Experiments were carried out in 3.0 m3 tubular photobioreactors under outdoor conditions. The pH values evaluated were 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0, which were controlled by injecting pure CO2 on-demand. The results have shown that the ideal pH for microalgal growth was 8.0, with higher values of biomass productivity (Pb) (0.16 g L-1 d-1), and CO2 use efficiency ([Formula: see text]) (74.6% w w-1); [Formula: see text]/biomass value obtained at this pH (2.42 [Formula: see text] gbiomass-1) was close to the theoretical value, indicating an adequate CO2 supply. At this pH, the system was more stable and required a lower number of CO2 injections than the other treatments. At pH 6.0, there was a decrease in the Pb and [Formula: see text]; cultures at pH 10.0 exhibited a lower Pb and photosynthetic efficiency as well. These results imply that controlling the pH at an optimum value allows higher CO2 conversions in biomass to be achieved and contributes to the reduction in costs of the microalgae production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moraes
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - G M Rosa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - I M Cara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - L O Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - M G Morais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - E Molina Grima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - J A V Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
| | - F G Acién Fernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Daytime/Nighttime Event-Based PI Control for the pH of a Microalgae Raceway Reactor. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a new solution to improve the traditional control operation of raceway microalgae reactors is presented. The control strategy is based on an event-based method that can be easily coupled to a classical time-driven proportional-integral controller, simplifying the design process approach. The results of a standard Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, as well as of two event-based architectures, are presented in simulation and compared with each other and with traditional On/Off control. It is demonstrated that the event-based PI controller—operating during the whole day instead of only during daytime—achieves a better performance by reducing the actuator effort and saving costs related to gas consumption.
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Moraes L, Rosa G, Morillas España A, Santos L, Morais M, Molina Grima E, Costa J, Acién Fernández F. Engineering strategies for the enhancement of Nannochloropsis gaditana outdoor production: Influence of the CO2 flow rate on the culture performance in tubular photobioreactors. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barceló-Villalobos M, Guzmán Sánchez J, Martín Cara I, Sánchez Molina J, Acién Fernández F. Analysis of mass transfer capacity in raceway reactors. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Garzón-Castro CL, Delgado-Aguilera E, Cortés-Romero JA, Tello E, Mazzanti G. Performance of an active disturbance rejection control on a simulated continuous microalgae photobioreactor. Comput Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Holaza J, Klaučo M, Drgoňa J, Oravec J, Kvasnica M, Fikar M. MPC-based reference governor control of a continuous stirred-tank reactor. Comput Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pawlowski A, Beschi M, Guzmán JL, Visioli A, Berenguel M, Dormido S. Application of SSOD-PI and PI-SSOD event-based controllers to greenhouse climatic control. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2016; 65:525-536. [PMID: 27593955 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an application of the Symmetric Send-On-Delta (SSOD) event-based controllers to the inside air temperature control of the greenhouse production process is presented. The control technique analysis is split into two stages. The first stage is devoted to determine the proper controller parameters and to check the influence of the Send-On-Delta (SOD) threshold value through simulation study. At the second stage, experimental tests on the real greenhouse facilities are performed. The obtained results show that the analyzed control techniques handle the control task with desired accuracy and performance. In particular, the proposed control system saves costs related with energy consumption and wear minimization, by achieving a satisfactory performance at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pawlowski
- Departamento de Informática y Automática, ETSII, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Beschi
- Istituto di Tecnologie Industriali e Automazione, National Research Council, Italy.
| | - J L Guzmán
- Departamento de Informática, University of Almería, ceiA3-CIESOL, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - A Visioli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Industriale, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - M Berenguel
- Departamento de Informática, University of Almería, ceiA3-CIESOL, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - S Dormido
- Departamento de Informática y Automática, ETSII, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Duarte-Santos T, Mendoza-Martín JL, Acién Fernández FG, Molina E, Vieira-Costa JA, Heaven S. Optimization of carbon dioxide supply in raceway reactors: Influence of carbon dioxide molar fraction and gas flow rate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 212:72-81. [PMID: 27085148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Influence of CO2 composition and gas flow rate to control pH in a pilot-scale raceway producing Scenedesmus sp. was studied. Light and temperature determined the biomass productivity whereas neither the CO2 molar fraction nor the gas flow rate used influenced it; because pH was always controlled and carbon limitation did not take place. The CO2 molar fraction and the gas flow rate influenced carbon loss in the system. At low CO2 molar fraction (2-6%) or gas flow rate (75-100l·min(-1)) the carbon efficiency in the sump was higher than 95%, 85% of the injected carbon being transformed into biomass. Conversely, at high CO2 molar fraction (14%) or gas flow rate (150l·min(-1)) the carbon efficiency in the sump was lower than 67%, 32% of the carbon being fixed as biomass. Analysis here reported allows the pH control to be optimized and production costs to be reduced by optimizing CO2 efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Duarte-Santos
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - J L Mendoza-Martín
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - F G Acién Fernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería-CIESOL, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - E Molina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería-CIESOL, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - J A Vieira-Costa
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - S Heaven
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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14
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Measurable Disturbances Compensation: Analysis and Tuning of Feedforward Techniques for Dead-Time Processes. Processes (Basel) 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/pr4020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Event-based selective control strategy for raceway reactor: A simulation study**This work has been supported by Cajamar Foundation and partially funded by the following projects: DPI2014- 55932-C2-1-R, DPI2014-56364-C2-1-R and DPI2012-31303 (financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and EU- ERDF funds); Controlcrop P10-TEP-6174 (financed by the Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia de la Junta de Andalucía); CENIT VIDA (financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and CDTI funds); and the UNED through a postdoctoral scholarship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pawlowski A, Mendoza JL, Guzmán JL, Berenguel M, Acién FG, Dormido S. Effective utilization of flue gases in raceway reactor with event-based pH control for microalgae culture. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:1-9. [PMID: 25113401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses effective utilization of flue gases through the proper pH control in raceway reactors. The pH control problem has been addressed with an event-based control approach using a Generalized Predictive Controller (GPC) with actuator deadband. Applying this control strategy it is possible to reduce the control effort, and at the same time saving control resources. In the pH process case, the event-based controller with actuator deadband can be tuned to supply only necessary amount of CO2 to keep the pH close to its optimal value. On the other hand, the evaluated control algorithm significantly improves the pH control accuracy, what has a direct influence on biomass production. In order to test the performance of the event-based GPC controller, several experiments have been performed on a real raceway reactor. Additionally, several control performance indexes have been used to compare the analyzed technique with commonly used on/off controller.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pawlowski
- Dep. Informática y Automática, ETSI Informática, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L Mendoza
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - J L Guzmán
- Dep. Informática, University of Almería, ceiA3-CIESOL, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - M Berenguel
- Dep. Informática, University of Almería, ceiA3-CIESOL, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - F G Acién
- Dep. Ingeniería Química, University of Almería, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - S Dormido
- Dep. Informática y Automática, ETSI Informática, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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