1
|
Pan L, Li J, Huang J, An Q, Lin J, Mujeeb A, Xu Y, Li G, Zhou M, Wang J. Renewable-to-ammonia: Configuration strategy and technoeconomic analysis. iScience 2023; 26:108512. [PMID: 38162027 PMCID: PMC10755057 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for chemical raw materials has provided opportunities for the ammonia (NH3) industry. However, little attention has been devoted to the economic feasibility of renewable-to-ammonia (RE2A). Therefore, this paper proposes a technoeconomic model to research the optimal capacity configuration and quantify the levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) for RE2A, which is a retrofitted plant based on coal-to-ammonia (C2A). A cost model of C2A is established as a benchmark to evaluate the economic feasibility of RE2A. A case study in Inner Mongolia is adopted, which shows that the monthly NH3 output is 7-11×103t, which satisfies actual industrial production. The LCOA of RE2A is 469$/t, with investment in wind turbines accounting for 58%, which is lower than the NH3 market price (605$-650$/t). The LCOA of RE2A will equal that of C2A with a carbon tax of 47.1$/t CO2, which confirms the economic advantages of RE2A in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- State Key Lab of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jingsi Huang
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi An
- State Key Lab of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asad Mujeeb
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- State Key Lab of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Gengyin Li
- State Key Lab of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Lab of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianxiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Ordos Research Institute of Energy, Ordos 017000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palys MJ, Daoutidis P. Optimizing Renewable Ammonia Production for a Sustainable Fertilizer Supply Chain Transition. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300563. [PMID: 37606267 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Local renewable ammonia production using electrolytic hydrogen is an emerging approach to alleviate emissions attributed to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer production while also insulating against fluctuations in fertilizer prices and mitigating transportation costs and emissions. However, replacing ammonia currently produced using fossil fuels will not be immediate. To this end, we develop a supply chain transition model, which first optimizes the design and hourly operation of new renewable ammonia facilities to minimize production costs and then optimizes the annual installation timing, production scale, and location of these new renewable facilities along with ammonia transportation to meet county resolution demands. The objective is to augment and eventually replace conventional ammonia market imports in an economically competitive manner. We performed a case study for Minnesota's ammonia supply chain and found that a full transition to in-state renewable production by 2032 is optimal. This is incentivized by the U.S. federal government's clean hydrogen production credits. This transition results in 99 % reduction in carbon intensity along with stable supply costs below $475 per metric tonne. New renewable production facilities are an order of magnitude smaller than existing conventional plants. They use both wind and solar resources and operate dynamically to minimize expensive battery and hydrogen storage capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Palys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities College of Science and Engineering, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Prodromos Daoutidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities College of Science and Engineering, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ammonia Production Using Bacteria and Yeast toward a Sustainable Society. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010082. [PMID: 36671654 PMCID: PMC9854848 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is an important chemical that is widely used in fertilizer applications as well as in the steel, chemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, which has attracted attention as a potential fuel. Thus, approaches to achieve sustainable ammonia production have attracted considerable attention. In particular, biological approaches are important for achieving a sustainable society because they can produce ammonia under mild conditions with minimal environmental impact compared with chemical methods. For example, nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase in heterogeneous hosts and ammonia production from food waste using microorganisms have been developed. In addition, crop production using nitrogen-fixing bacteria has been considered as a potential approach to achieving a sustainable ammonia economy. This review describes previous research on biological ammonia production and provides insights into achieving a sustainable society.
Collapse
|
4
|
Adamou P, Bellomi S, Hafeez S, Harkou E, Al-Salem S, Villa A, Dimitratos N, Manos G, Constantinou A. Recent progress for hydrogen production from ammonia and hydrous hydrazine decomposition: A review on heterogeneous catalysts. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
5
|
Improvements for decomposition based methods utilized in the development of multi-scale energy systems. Comput Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
6
|
Burrows L, Bollas GM. Stability Assessment of Small-Scale Distributed Ammonia Production Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laron Burrows
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs06269, Connecticut, United States
| | - George M. Bollas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs06269, Connecticut, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rokhayati E, Kiss AA. Unraveling the effect of variable natural gas feedstock on an industrial ammonia process. Comput Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Power-to-X: A review and perspective. Comput Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Lee J, Ryu KH, Lee JH. Optimal design and evaluation of electrochemical CO2 reduction system with renewable energy generation using two-stage stochastic programming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Conceptual Study and Development of an Autonomously Operating, Sailing Renewable Energy Conversion System. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With little time left for humanity to reduce climate change to a tolerable level, a highly scalable and rapidly deployable solution is needed that can be implemented by any country. Offshore wind energy in international waters is an underused resource and could even be harnessed by landlocked countries. In this paper, the use of sailing wind turbines operating autonomously in high seas to harvest energy is proposed. The electrical energy that is generated by the wind turbine is converted to a renewable fuel and stored onboard. Later, the fuel will be transferred to shore or to other destinations of use. The presented idea is explored at the system level, where the basic subsystems necessary are identified and defined, such as energy conversion and storage as well as propulsion subsystems. Moreover, various operating possibilities are investigated, including a comparison of different sailing strategies and fuels for storage. Existing ideas are also briefly addressed and an example concept is suggested as well. In this paper, the proposed sailing renewable energy conversion system is explored at a higher level of abstraction. Following up on this conceptual study, more detailed investigations are necessary to determine whether the development of such a sailing renewable energy conversion system is viable from an engineering, economic, and environmental point of view.
Collapse
|
11
|
Parvathikar S, Luz I, Carpenter M, Bellamy T, Amato K, Carpenter J, Gilmore D, Lail M. Solvothermal synthesis of MOF-derived supported Ru nanocatalysts for low-temperature ammonia synthesis. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
12
|
Wittreich GR, Liu S, Dauenhauer PJ, Vlachos DG. Catalytic resonance of ammonia synthesis by simulated dynamic ruthenium crystal strain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6576. [PMID: 35080982 PMCID: PMC8791612 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia affords dense storage for renewable energy as a fungible liquid fuel, provided it can be efficiently synthesized from hydrogen and nitrogen. In this work, the catalysis of ammonia synthesis was computationally explored beyond the Sabatier limit by dynamically straining a ruthenium crystal (±4%) at the resonant frequencies (102 to 105+ Hz) of N2 surface dissociation and hydrogenation. Density functional theory calculations at different strain conditions indicated that the energies of NHx surface intermediates and transition states scale linearly, allowing the description of ammonia synthesis at a continuum of strain conditions. A microkinetic model including multiple sites and surface diffusion between step and Ru(0001) terrace sites of varying ratios for nanoparticles of differing size revealed that dynamic strain yields catalytic ammonia synthesis conversion and turnover frequency comparable to industrial reactors (400°C, 200 atm) but at lower temperature (320°C) and an order of magnitude lower pressure (20 atm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard R. Wittreich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahirwar MB, Patkar D, Yadav I, Deshmukh MM. Appraisal of individual hydrogen bond strengths and cooperativity in ammonia clusters via a molecular tailoring approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17224-17231. [PMID: 34369546 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we propose and test a method, based on the molecular tailoring approach (MTA), for the evaluation of individual hydrogen bond (HB) energies in ammonia (NH3)n clusters. This methodology was tested, in our earlier work, on water clusters. Liquid ammonia being a universal, non-aqueous ionizing solvent, such information of individual HB strength is indispensable in many studies. The estimated HB energies by an MTA-based method, in (NH3)n for n = 3-8, were calculated to be in the range of 0.65 to 5.54 kcal mol-1 with the cooperativity contribution falling between -0.54 and 1.88 kcal mol-1 both calculated at the MP2(full)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. It is seen that the strong HBs in (NH3)n clusters were additionally strengthened by the large contribution of HB cooperativity. The accuracy of these estimated HB energies was validated by approximately estimating the molecular energy of a given cluster by adding the sum of HB energies to the sum of monomer energies. This approximately estimated molecular energy of a given cluster was found to be in excellent agreement with the actual calculated values. The negligibly small difference (less than 5.6 kcal mol-1) in these two values suggests that the estimated individual HB energies in ammonia clusters are quite reliable. Furthermore, these estimated HB energies by MTA are in excellent qualitative agreement with the other indirect measures of HB strength, such as HB bond distances and angles, N-H stretching frequency and the electron density values at the (3,-1) bond critical points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mini Bharati Ahirwar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gbenou TRS, Fopah-Lele A, Wang K. Recent Status and Prospects on Thermochemical Heat Storage Processes and Applications. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23080953. [PMID: 34441093 PMCID: PMC8394121 DOI: 10.3390/e23080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent contributions to thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) technology have been reviewed and have revealed that there are four main branches whose mastery could significantly contribute to the field. These are the control of the processes to store or release heat, a perfect understanding and designing of the materials used for each storage process, the good sizing of the reactor, and the mastery of the whole system connected to design an efficient system. The above-mentioned fields constitute a very complex area of investigation, and most of the works focus on one of the branches to deepen their research. For this purpose, significant contributions have been and continue to be made. However, the technology is still not mature, and, up to now, no definitive, efficient, autonomous, practical, and commercial TCHS device is available. This paper highlights several issues that impede the maturity of the technology. These are the limited number of research works dedicated to the topic, the simulation results that are too illusory and impossible to implement in real prototypes, the incomplete analysis of the proposed works (simulation works without experimentation or experimentations without prior simulation study), and the endless problem of heat and mass transfer limitation. This paper provides insights and recommendations to better analyze and solve the problems that still challenge the technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armand Fopah-Lele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Kejian Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luceño JA, de la Fuente E, Martín M. Optimal Design of Solar Receivers in CSP Plants: Effects of Facility Location. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Luceño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Textil, Universidad de Salamanca, Pza. Caídos 1-5, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ester de la Fuente
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Textil, Universidad de Salamanca, Pza. Caídos 1-5, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mariano Martín
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Textil, Universidad de Salamanca, Pza. Caídos 1-5, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by the storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option to the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.
Collapse
|
17
|
Renewable ammonia for sustainable energy and agriculture: vision and systems engineering opportunities. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2020.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
18
|
Wang B, Hou P, Cai Y, Guo Z, Han D, Gao Y, Zhao L. Understanding the Hydrogen-Bonded Clusters of Ammonia (NH 3) n ( n = 3-6): Insights from the Electronic Structure Theory. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31724-31729. [PMID: 33344825 PMCID: PMC7745437 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that hydrogen bonds commonly exist in ammonia clusters and play an important role, there are still many challenges in understanding the electronic structure properties of hydrogen bonds. In this paper, the geometric and electronic structure properties of cyclic ammonia clusters are investigated by using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) and the Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). The calculation results show that the pentamer and hexamer have deviated from the perfect plane, while the trimer and tetramer present planarization that has been confirmed by infrared (IR) spectra. The electronic structure analysis further shows that the covalent properties play a non-negligible role in hydrogen bonding. The results also indicate that the electronic structure facilitates structure planarization. Our work not only provides insight into the role and nature of hydrogen bonds in ammonia clusters but also provides a theoretical basis for frontier science in fields such as atmospheric haze and biomolecular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- College
of Science, Northeast Electric Power University, No. 169 Changchun Road, Jilin City 132012, P. R. China
| | - Pugeng Hou
- College
of Science, Northeast Electric Power University, No. 169 Changchun Road, Jilin City 132012, P. R. China
| | - Yongmao Cai
- College
of Science, Northeast Electric Power University, No. 169 Changchun Road, Jilin City 132012, P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- College
of Science, Northeast Electric Power University, No. 169 Changchun Road, Jilin City 132012, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Han
- College
of Science, Northeast Electric Power University, No. 169 Changchun Road, Jilin City 132012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College
of Science, Northeast Electric Power University, No. 169 Changchun Road, Jilin City 132012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schäfer P, Schweidtmann AM, Mitsos A. Nonlinear scheduling with time‐variable electricity prices using sensitivity‐based truncations of wavelet transforms. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schäfer
- RWTH Aachen University AVT—Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Process Systems Engineering Aachen Germany
| | - Artur M. Schweidtmann
- RWTH Aachen University AVT—Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Process Systems Engineering Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- RWTH Aachen University AVT—Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Process Systems Engineering Aachen Germany
- JARA‐ENERGY Aachen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Energy Systems Engineering (IEK‐10) Jülich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qing G, Ghazfar R, Jackowski ST, Habibzadeh F, Ashtiani MM, Chen CP, Smith MR, Hamann TW. Recent Advances and Challenges of Electrocatalytic N2 Reduction to Ammonia. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5437-5516. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geletu Qing
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Reza Ghazfar
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shane T. Jackowski
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Faezeh Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mona Maleka Ashtiani
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Chuan-Pin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Milton R. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Thomas W. Hamann
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|