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Ansari MY, Abdalla A, Ansari MY, Ansari MI, Malluhi B, Mohanty S, Mishra S, Singh SS, Abinahed J, Al-Ansari A, Balakrishnan S, Dakua SP. Practical utility of liver segmentation methods in clinical surgeries and interventions. BMC Med Imaging 2022; 22:97. [PMID: 35610600 PMCID: PMC9128093 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical imaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) is a crucial adjunct for clinicians, aiding in the diagnosis of diseases and planning of appropriate interventions. This is especially true in malignant conditions such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where image segmentation (such as accurate delineation of liver and tumor) is the preliminary step taken by the clinicians to optimize diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning and intervention (e.g., transplantation, surgical resection, radiotherapy, PVE, embolization, etc). Thus, segmentation methods could potentially impact the diagnosis and treatment outcomes. This paper comprehensively reviews the literature (during the year 2012-2021) for relevant segmentation methods and proposes a broad categorization based on their clinical utility (i.e., surgical and radiological interventions) in HCC. The categorization is based on the parameters such as precision, accuracy, and automation.
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Dick V, Sinz C, Mittlböck M, Kittler H, Tschandl P. Accuracy of Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Melanoma: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 155:1291-1299. [PMID: 31215969 PMCID: PMC6584889 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The recent advances in the field of machine learning have raised expectations that computer-aided diagnosis will become the standard for the diagnosis of melanoma. OBJECTIVE To critically review the current literature and compare the diagnostic accuracy of computer-aided diagnosis with that of human experts. DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, arXiv, and PubMed Central databases were searched to identify eligible studies published between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2018. STUDY SELECTION Studies that reported on the accuracy of automated systems for melanoma were selected. Search terms included melanoma, diagnosis, detection, computer aided, and artificial intelligence. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Evaluation of the risk of bias was performed using the QUADAS-2 tool, and quality assessment was based on predefined criteria. Data were analyzed from February 1 to March 10, 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity and summary receiver operating characteristic curves were the primary outcomes. RESULTS The literature search yielded 1694 potentially eligible studies, of which 132 were included and 70 offered sufficient information for a quantitative analysis. Most studies came from the field of computer science. Prospective clinical studies were rare. Combining the results for automated systems gave a melanoma sensitivity of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66-0.80) and a specificity of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.79-0.88). Sensitivity was lower in studies that used independent test sets than in those that did not (0.51; 95% CI, 0.34-0.69 vs 0.82; 95% CI, 0.77-0.86; P < .001); however, the specificity was similar (0.83; 95% CI, 0.71-0.91 vs 0.85; 95% CI, 0.80-0.88; P = .67). In comparison with dermatologists' diagnosis, computer-aided diagnosis showed similar sensitivities and a 10 percentage points lower specificity, but the difference was not statistically significant. Studies were heterogeneous and substantial risk of bias was found in all but 4 of the 70 studies included in the quantitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although the accuracy of computer-aided diagnosis for melanoma detection is comparable to that of experts, the real-world applicability of these systems is unknown and potentially limited owing to overfitting and the risk of bias of the studies at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dick
- ViDIR Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Sinz
- ViDIR Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Mittlböck
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kittler
- ViDIR Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Tschandl
- ViDIR Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Singh N, Gupta SK. Recent advancement in the early detection of melanoma using computerized tools: An image analysis perspective. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:129-141. [PMID: 30030916 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paper reviews the advancement of tools and current technologies for the detection of melanoma. We discussed several computational strategies from pre- to postprocessing image operations, descriptors, and popular classifiers to diagnose a suspected skin lesion based on its virtual similarity to the malignant lesion with known histopathology. We reviewed the current state of smart phone-based apps as diagnostic tools for screening. METHODS A literature survey was conducted using a combination of keywords in the bibliographic databases: PubMed, AJCC, PH2, EDRA, and ISIC melanoma project. A number of melanoma detection apps were downloaded for two major mobile operating systems, iOS and Android; their important uses, key challenges, and various expert opinions were evaluated and also discussed. RESULTS We have provided an overview of research on the computer-aided diagnosis methods to estimate melanoma risk and early screening. Dermoscopic images are the most viable option for the advent of new image processing technologies based on which many of the skin cancer detection apps are being developed recently. We have categorized and explored their potential uses, evaluation criteria, limitations, and other details. CONCLUSION Such advancements are helpful in the sense they are raising awareness. Diagnostic accuracy is the major issue of smart phone-based apps and it cannot replace an adequate clinical experience and biopsy procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra K Gupta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
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Pathan S, Prabhu KG, Siddalingaswamy P. Techniques and algorithms for computer aided diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions—A review. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Al-Mansour EA, Jaffar A. A Study on Automatic Segmentation and Classification of Skin Lesions in Dermoscopic Images. Oncology 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0549-5.ch020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant Melanoma is one of the rare and the deadliest form of skin cancer if left untreated. Death rate due to this cancer is three times more than all other skin-related malignancies combined. Incidence rates of melanoma have been increasing, especially among young adults, but survival rates are high if detected early. There is a need for an automated system to assess a patient's risk of melanoma using digital dermoscopy, that is, a skin imaging technique widely used for pigmented skin lesion inspection. Although many automated and semi-automated methods are available to diagnose skin cancer but each has its own limitations and there is no final, state-of-the art technique to date which is able to be implemented in real scenario. This survey paper is based on techniques used to segment the skin cancer, analysis of their merits and demerits and their applications on advanced imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arfan Jaffar
- Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic (IMSIU), Saudi Arabia
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6
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Masood A, Al-Jumaily AA. Computer aided diagnostic support system for skin cancer: a review of techniques and algorithms. Int J Biomed Imaging 2013; 2013:323268. [PMID: 24575126 PMCID: PMC3885227 DOI: 10.1155/2013/323268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Image-based computer aided diagnosis systems have significant potential for screening and early detection of malignant melanoma. We review the state of the art in these systems and examine current practices, problems, and prospects of image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and selection, and classification of dermoscopic images. This paper reports statistics and results from the most important implementations reported to date. We compared the performance of several classifiers specifically developed for skin lesion diagnosis and discussed the corresponding findings. Whenever available, indication of various conditions that affect the technique's performance is reported. We suggest a framework for comparative assessment of skin cancer diagnostic models and review the results based on these models. The deficiencies in some of the existing studies are highlighted and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Masood
- School of Electrical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology, Broadway Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Adel Ali Al-Jumaily
- School of Electrical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology, Broadway Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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8
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Computerized analysis of pigmented skin lesions: A review. Artif Intell Med 2012; 56:69-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dhawan AP, D'Alessandro B, Fu X. Optical imaging modalities for biomedical applications. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 3:69-92. [PMID: 22275202 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2010.2081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optical photographic imaging is a well known imaging method that has been successfully translated into biomedical applications such as microscopy and endoscopy. Although several advanced medical imaging modalities are used today to acquire anatomical, physiological, metabolic, and functional information from the human body, optical imaging modalities including optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, multispectral endoscopy, and diffuse reflectance imaging have recently emerged with significant potential for non-invasive, portable, and cost-effective imaging for biomedical applications spanning tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. This paper reviews methods for modeling the propagation of light photons in a biological medium, as well as optical imaging from organ to cellular levels using visible and near-infrared wavelengths for biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atam P Dhawan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Surówka G. Symbolic learning supporting early diagnosis of melanoma. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2010:4104-4107. [PMID: 21096628 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5627337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a classification analysis of the pigmented skin lesion images taken in white light based on the inductive learning methods by Michalski (AQ). Those methods are developed for a computer system supporting the decision making process for early diagnosis of melanoma. Symbolic (machine) learning methods used in our study are tested on two types of features extracted from pigmented lesion images: coloristic/geometric features, and wavelet-based features. Classification performance with the wavelet features, although achieved with simple rules, is very high. Symbolic learning applied to our skin lesion data seems to outperform other classical machine learning methods, and is more comprehensive both in understanding, and in application of further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Surówka
- Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Poland.
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Maglogiannis I, Doukas C. Overview of Advanced Computer Vision Systems for Skin Lesions Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 13:721-33. [DOI: 10.1109/titb.2009.2017529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sasikala M, Kumaravel N. A wavelet-based optimal texture feature set for classification of brain tumours. J Med Eng Technol 2008; 32:198-205. [PMID: 18432467 DOI: 10.1080/03091900701455524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the classification of brain tumours in magnetic resonance images is studied by using optimal texture features. These features are used to classify three sets of brain images - normal brain, benign tumour and malignant tumour. A wavelet-based texture feature set is derived from the region of interest. Each selected brain region of interest is characterized with both its energy and texture features extracted from the selected high frequency subband. An artificial neural network classifier is employed to evaluate the performance of these features. Feature selection is performed by a genetic algorithm. Principal component analysis and classical sequential methods are compared against the genetic approach in terms of the best recognition rate achieved and the optimal number of features. A classification performance of 98% is achieved in a genetic algorithm with only four of the available 29 features. Principal component analysis and classical sequential methods require a larger feature set to attain the similar classification accuracy of 98%. The optimal texture features such as range of angular second moment, range of sum variance, range of information measure of correlation II and energy selected by the genetic algorithm provide best classification performance with lower computational effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sasikala
- Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Surowka G, Grzesiak-Kopec K. Different learning paradigms for the classification of melanoid skin lesions using wavelets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:3136-9. [PMID: 18002660 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4352994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We use the wavelet-based decomposition to generate the multiresolution representation of dermatoscopic images of potentially malignant pigmented lesions. Three different machine learning methods are experimentally applied, namely neural networks, support vector machines, and Attributional Calculus. The obtained results confirm that neighborhood properties of pixels in dermatoscopic images are a sensitive probe of the melanoma progression and together with the selected machine learning methods may be an important diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Surowka
- Department of Information Technology, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Cracow, Poland.
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Ellingson BM, Ulmer JL, Schmit BD. Gray and white matter delineation in the human spinal cord using diffusion tensor imaging and fuzzy logic. Acad Radiol 2007; 14:847-58. [PMID: 17574135 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used extensively in determining morphology and connectivity of the brain; however, similar analysis in the spinal cord has proven difficult. The objective of this study was to improve the delineation of gray and white matter in the spinal cord by applying signal processing techniques to the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor. Our approach involved creating anisotropy indices based on the difference between eigenvalues and mean diffusivity then using a fuzzy inference system (FIS) to delineate between gray and white matter in the human cervical spinal cord. MATERIALS AND METHODS DTI was performed on the cervical spinal cord in five neurologically intact subjects. Distributions were extracted for regions of gray and white matter through the use of a digitized histologic template. Fuzzy membership functions were created based on these distributions. Detectability index and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on traditional DTI indices and FIS classified regions. RESULTS A significantly higher contrast between gray and white matter was observed using fuzzy classification compared with traditionally used DTI indices based on the detectability index (P < .001) and trends in the ROC analysis. Reconstructed images from the FIS qualitatively showed a better anatomical representation of the spinal cord compared with traditionally used DTI indices. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion tensor imaging using an FIS for tissue classification provides high contrast between spinal gray and white matter compared with traditional DTI indices and may provide a noninvasive technique to quantify the integrity and morphology of the human spinal cord following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Ellingson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
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15
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Patwardhan SV, Dhawan AP, Relue PA. Monte Carlo Simulation of Light-Tissue Interaction: Three-Dimensional Simulation for Trans-Illumination-Based Imaging of Skin Lesions. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2005; 52:1227-36. [PMID: 16041986 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2005.847546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional, voxel-based, and wavelength-dependent skin lesion models are developed and simulated using Monte Carlo techniques. The optical geometry of the Nevoscope with trans-illumination is used in the simulations for characterizing the lesion thickness. Based on the correlation analysis between the lesion thickness and the diffuse reflectance, optical wavelengths are selected for multispectral imaging of skin lesions using the Nevoscope. Tissue optical properties reported by various researchers are compiled together to form a voxel library. Tissue models used in the simulations are developed using the voxel library which offers flexibility in updating the optical properties and adding new media types into the models independent of the Monte Carlo simulation code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin V Patwardhan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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