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Mitra S, Khuu T, Choi TH, Huchmala RM, Jordan KD, McCoy AB, Johnson MA. Vibrational Signatures of HNO 3 Acidity When Complexed with Microhydrated Alkali Metal Ions, M +·(HNO 3)(H 2O) n=5 (M = Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs), at 20 K. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1640-1647. [PMID: 35249322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The speciation of strong acids like HNO3 under conditions of restricted hydration is an important factor in the rates of chemical reactions at the air-water interface. Here, we explore the trade-offs at play when HNO3 is attached to alkali ions (Li+-Cs+) with four water molecules in their primary hydration shells. This is achieved by analyzing the vibrational spectra of the M+·(HNO3)(H2O)5 clusters cooled to about 20 K in a cryogenic photofragmentation mass spectrometer. The local acidity of the acidic OH group is estimated by the extent of the red shift in its stretching frequency when attached to a single water molecule. The persistence of this local structural motif (HNO3-H2O) in all of these alkali metal clusters enables us to determine the competition between the effect of the direct complexation of the acid with the cation, which acts to enhance acidity, and the role of the water network in the first hydration shell around the ions, which acts to counter (screen) the intrinsic effect of the ion. Analysis of the vibrational features associated with the acid molecule, as well as those of the water network, reveals how cooperative interactions in the microhydration regime conspire to effectively offset the intrinsic enhancement of HNO3 acidity afforded by attachment to the smaller cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoni Mitra
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Thien Khuu
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tae Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Rachel M Huchmala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kenneth D Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Anne B McCoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Mitra S, Yang N, McCaslin LM, Gerber RB, Johnson MA. Size-Dependent Onset of Nitric Acid Dissociation in Cs +·(HNO 3)(H 2O) n=0-11 Clusters at 20 K. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3335-3342. [PMID: 33779169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the water-mediated charge separation of nitric acid upon incorporation into size-selected Cs+·(HNO3)(H2O)n=0-11 clusters at 20 K. Dramatic spectral changes are observed in the n = 7-9 range that are traced to the formation of many isomeric structures associated with intermediate transfer of the acidic proton to the water network. This transfer is complete by n = 10, which exhibits much simpler vibrational band patterns consistent with those expected for a tricoordinated hydronium ion (the Eigen motif) along with the NO stretching bands predicted for a hydrated NO3- anion that is directly complexed to the Cs+ cation. Theoretical analysis of the n = 10 spectrum indicates that the dissociated ions adopt a solvent-separated ion-pair configuration such that the Cs+ and H3O+ cations flank the NO3- anion in a microhydrated salt bridge. This charge separation motif is evidently assisted by the electrostatic stabilization of the product NO3-/H3O+ ion pair by the proximal metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoni Mitra
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Nan Yang
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Laura M McCaslin
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Reactivity of Undissociated Molecular Nitric Acid at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:453-462. [PMID: 33355444 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments and theoretical calculations have shown that HNO3 may exist in molecular form in aqueous environments, where in principle one would expect this strong acid to be completely dissociated. Much effort has been devoted to understanding this fact, which has huge environmental relevance since nitric acid is a component of acid rain and also contributes to renoxification processes in the atmosphere. Although the importance of heterogeneous processes such as oxidation and photolysis have been evidenced by experiments, most theoretical studies on hydrated molecular HNO3 have focused on the acid dissociation mechanism. In the present work, we carry out calculations at various levels of theory to obtain insight into the properties of molecular nitric acid at the surface of liquid water (the air-water interface). Through multi-nanosecond combined quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the interface affinity of nitric acid and provide an order of magnitude for its lifetime with regard to acid dissociation, which is close to the value deduced using thermodynamic data in the literature (∼0.3 ns). Moreover, we study the electronic absorption spectrum and calculate the rate constant for the photolytic process HNO3 + hν → NO2 + OH, leading to 2 × 10-6 s-1, about twice the value in the gas phase. Finally, we describe the reaction HNO3 + OH → NO3 + H2O using a cluster model containing 21 water molecules with the help of high-level ab initio calculations. A large number of reaction paths are explored, and our study leads to the conclusion that the most favorable mechanism involves the formation of a pre-reactive complex (HNO3)(OH) from which product are obtained through a coupled proton-electron transfer mechanism that has a free-energy barrier of 6.65 kcal·mol-1. Kinetic calculations predict a rate constant increase by ∼4 orders of magnitude relative to the gas phase, and we conclude that at the air-water interface, a lower limit for the rate constant is k = 1.2 × 10-9 cm3·molecule-1·s-1. The atmospheric significance of all these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC - CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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4
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Mitra S, Duong CH, McCaslin LM, Gerber RB, Johnson MA. Isomer-specific cryogenic ion vibrational spectroscopy of the D 2 tagged Cs +(HNO 3)(H 2O) n=0-2 complexes: ion-driven enhancement of the acidic H-bond to water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4501-4507. [PMID: 32068217 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06689f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report how the binary HNO3(H2O) interaction is modified upon complexation with a nearby Cs+ ion. Isomer-selective IR photodissociation spectra of the D2-tagged, ternary Cs+(HNO3)H2O cation confirms that two structural isomers are generated in the cryogenic ion source. In one of these, both HNO3 and H2O are directly coordinated to the ion, while in the other, the water molecule is attached to the OH group of the acid, which in turn binds to Cs+ with its -NO2 group. The acidic OH stretching fundamental in the latter isomer displays a ∼300 cm-1 red-shift relative to that in the neutral H-bonded van der Waals complex, HNO3(H2O). This behavior is analyzed with the aid of electronic structure calculations and discussed in the context of the increased effective acidity of HNO3 in the presence of the cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoni Mitra
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Chinh H Duong
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Laura M McCaslin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. and Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. and Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Pavlyuchko AI, Yurchenko SN, Tennyson J. A hybrid variational-perturbation calculation of the ro-vibrational spectrum of nitric acid. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:094309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4913741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. I. Pavlyuchko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), Moscow, Russia
| | - S. N. Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Tennyson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Gerber RB, Varner ME, Hammerich AD, Riikonen S, Murdachaew G, Shemesh D, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Computational studies of atmospherically-relevant chemical reactions in water clusters and on liquid water and ice surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:399-406. [PMID: 25647299 DOI: 10.1021/ar500431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Reactions on water and ice surfaces and in other aqueous media are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, but the microscopic mechanisms of most of these processes are as yet unknown. This Account examines recent progress in atomistic simulations of such reactions and the insights provided into mechanisms and interpretation of experiments. Illustrative examples are discussed. The main computational approaches employed are classical trajectory simulations using interaction potentials derived from quantum chemical methods. This comprises both ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and semiempirical molecular dynamics (SEMD), the latter referring to semiempirical quantum chemical methods. Presented examples are as follows: (i) Reaction of the (NO(+))(NO3(-)) ion pair with a water cluster to produce the atmospherically important HONO and HNO3. The simulations show that a cluster with four water molecules describes the reaction. This provides a hydrogen-bonding network supporting the transition state. The reaction is triggered by thermal structural fluctuations, and ultrafast changes in atomic partial charges play a key role. This is an example where a reaction in a small cluster can provide a model for a corresponding bulk process. The results support the proposed mechanism for production of HONO by hydrolysis of NO2 (N2O4). (ii) The reactions of gaseous HCl with N2O4 and N2O5 on liquid water surfaces. Ionization of HCl at the water/air interface is followed by nucleophilic attack of Cl(-) on N2O4 or N2O5. Both reactions proceed by an SN2 mechanism. The products are ClNO and ClNO2, precursors of atmospheric atomic chlorine. Because this mechanism cannot result from a cluster too small for HCl ionization, an extended water film model was simulated. The results explain ClNO formation experiments. Predicted ClNO2 formation is less efficient. (iii) Ionization of acids at ice surfaces. No ionization is found on ideal crystalline surfaces, but the process is efficient on isolated defects where it involves formation of H3O(+)-acid anion contact ion pairs. This behavior is found in simulations of a model of the ice quasi-liquid layer corresponding to large defect concentrations in crystalline ice. The results are in accord with experiments. (iv) Ionization of acids on wet quartz. A monolayer of water on hydroxylated silica is ordered even at room temperature, but the surface lattice constant differs significantly from that of crystalline ice. The ionization processes of HCl and H2SO4 are of high yield and occur in a few picoseconds. The results are in accord with experimental spectroscopy. (v) Photochemical reactions on water and ice. These simulations require excited state quantum chemical methods. The electronic absorption spectrum of methyl hydroperoxide adsorbed on a large ice cluster is strongly blue-shifted relative to the isolated molecule. The measured and calculated adsorption band low-frequency tails are in agreement. A simple model of photodynamics assumes prompt electronic relaxation of the excited peroxide due to the ice surface. SEMD simulations support this, with the important finding that the photochemistry takes place mainly on the ground state. In conclusion, dynamics simulations using quantum chemical potentials are a useful tool in atmospheric chemistry of water media, capable of comparison with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Benny Gerber
- Institute
of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mychel E. Varner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Audrey D. Hammerich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sampsa Riikonen
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Garold Murdachaew
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorit Shemesh
- Institute
of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Abstract
The liquid interface is a narrow, highly anisotropic region, characterized by rapidly varying density, polarity, and molecular structure. I review several aspects of interfacial solvation and show how these affect reactivity at liquid/liquid interfaces. I specifically consider ion transfer, electron transfer, and SN2 reactions, showing that solvent effects on these reactions can be understood by examining the unique structure and dynamics of the liquid interface region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
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Riikonen S, Parkkinen P, Halonen L, Gerber RB. Ionization of Acids on the Quasi-Liquid Layer of Ice. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5029-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505627n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Riikonen
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P. Parkkinen
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Halonen
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. B. Gerber
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Brenlla A, Veiga Gutiérrez M, Ríos Rodríguez MC, Rodríguez-Prieto F, Mosquera M, Pérez Lustres JL. Moderately Strong Photoacid Dissociates in Alcohols with High Transient Concentration of the Proton-Transfer Contact Pair. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:989-994. [PMID: 26270978 DOI: 10.1021/jz5001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer from strong photoacids to hydroxylic solvents is much under debate. Experimentally, the main issue stems from relaxation and diffusion processes that are concomitant with ultrafast proton transfer and blur population dynamics. To overcome this, we propose a fast photodissociation reaction that, however, proceeds slower than solvent relaxation. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the cationic photoacid 2-(1'-hydroxy-2'-naphtyl)benzimidazolium reveals a two-stage mechanism: (a) reversible elementary proton transfer inside the solvent shell and (b) irreversible contact-pair splitting. The time evolution of the fluorescence signal is complex, yet this is explained quantitatively by simultaneous, spectrally overlapping emission of the acid, the conjugate base, and the contact proton-transfer pair. The latter attains high transient concentration in linear alcohols. Microscopic rate constants of dissociation are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Brenlla
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS) and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manoel Veiga Gutiérrez
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS) and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Carmen Ríos Rodríguez
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS) and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Flor Rodríguez-Prieto
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS) and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Mosquera
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS) and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Luis Pérez Lustres
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS) and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Veiga-Gutiérrez M, Brenlla A, Carreira Blanco C, Fernández B, Kovalenko SA, Rodríguez-Prieto F, Mosquera M, Lustres JLP. Dissociation of a strong acid in neat solvents: diffusion is observed after reversible proton ejection inside the solvent shell. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:14065-78. [PMID: 24083378 DOI: 10.1021/jp4042765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strong-acid dissociation was studied in alcohols. Optical excitation of the cationic photoacid N-methyl-6-hydroxyquinolinium triggers proton transfer to the solvent, which was probed by spectral reconstruction of picosecond fluorescence traces. The process fulfills the classical Eigen-Weller mechanism in two stages: (a) solvent-controlled reversible dissociation inside the solvent shell and (b) barrierless splitting of the encounter complex. This can be appreciated only when fluorescence band integrals are used to monitor the time evolution of the reactant and product concentrations. Band integrals are insensitive to solvent dynamics and report relative concentrations directly. This was demonstrated by first measuring the fluorescence decay of the conjugate base across the full emission band, independently of the proton-transfer reaction. Multiexponential decay curves at single wavelengths result from a dynamic red shift of fluorescence in the course of solvent relaxation, whereas clean single exponential decays are obtained if the band integral is monitored instead. The extent of the shift is consistent with previously reported femtosecond transient absorption measurements, continuum theory of solvatochromism, and molecular properties derived from quantum chemical calculations. In turn, band integrals show clean biexponential decay of the photoacid and triexponential evolution of the conjugate base in the course of the proton transfer to solvent reaction. The dissociation step follows the slowest stage of solvation, which was measured here independently by picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy in five aliphatic alcohols. Also, the rate constant of the encounter-complex splitting stage is compatible with proton diffusion. Thus, for this photoacid, both stages reach the highest possible rates: solvation and diffusion control. Under these conditions, the concentration of the encounter complex is substantial during the earliest nanosecond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Veiga-Gutiérrez
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela , E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Riikonen S, Parkkinen P, Halonen L, Gerber RB. Ionization of Nitric Acid on Crystalline Ice: The Role of Defects and Collective Proton Movement. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1850-1855. [PMID: 26283120 DOI: 10.1021/jz400531q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionization of nitric acid (HNO3) on a model ice surface is studied using ab initio molecular dynamics at temperatures of 200 and 40 K with a surface slab model that consists of the ideal ice basal plane with locally optimized and annealed defects. Pico- and subpicosecond ionization of nitric acid can be achieved in the defect sites. Key features of the rapid ionization are (a) the efficient solvation of the polyatomic nitrate anion, by stealing hydrogen bonds from the weakened hydrogen bonds at defect sites, (b) formation of contact ion pairs to stable "presolvated" molecular species that are present at the defects,
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riikonen
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Parkkinen
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Halonen
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R B Gerber
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- ‡Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
- §Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Hlushak S, Simonin JP, De Sio S, Bernard O, Ruas A, Pochon P, Jan S, Moisy P. Speciation in aqueous solutions of nitric acid. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2853-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32256k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Wren SN, Donaldson D. Glancing-angle Raman study of nitrate and nitric acid at the air–aqueous interface. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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