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Mandal U, Beg H, Misra A. Effect of charge transfer on the first hyper-polarizability of N,N-dimethylaniline and julolidine: a DFT based comparative study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:351. [PMID: 37889349 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Quantum mechanical calculations involving electron correlation, frequency dispersion, and solvent effects were carried out to examine the second-order nonlinear optical response of various acceptor, X (-CF3, -CN, -NO2) substituted in N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) and julolidine(JLD). Here, both DMA and JLD acts as donor and the three substituted groups, X (-CF3, -CN and -NO2) at the para position of both the ring systems as acceptor. The NLO response (βHRS) of -CF3 and -CN substituted DMA and JLD is relatively lower compared to DMA-NO2 and JLD-NO2. The charge distribution is found higher in case of -NO2 substituted DMA and JLD (±443 and ±449) compared to their -CF3 or -CN substitution. Electronic characteristics such as UV-Vis absorption spectra, crucial excited state parameters and charge transfer contribution to βHRS have been used to explain the NLO parameter of DMA-X and JLD-X. Variation of the incident optical frequency of light shows fluctuation of βHRS value and highest values of βHRS are obtain at the λmax frequency of each compound. Solvent polarity variation study on βHRS shows that βHRS varies linearly with the Kirkwood-Onsagar dielectric factor (D). METHODS All computational studies have been carried out using density functional theory (DFT) based method. Since CAM-B3LYP based hybrid functional improves the asymptotic behavior of the exchange interaction by dividing into short-range and long-range components, first hyperpolarizability values in the present study were computed using DFT/ CAM-B3LYP/ 6-31G+(d,p) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721101, India
| | - Hasibul Beg
- Department of Chemistry, Raja N. L. Khan Women's College, Midnapore, 721102, India
| | - Ajay Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721101, India.
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Waheed A, Muhammad S, Gilani MA, Adnan M, Aloui Z. A Systematic and Comparative Analysis of Four Major Classes of DFT Functionals to Compute Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Benchmark Molecules. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416521500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study spotlights the fundamental insights about the systematic and comparative analysis of four famous hybrid classes of density functional theory (DFT) methods and their efficacy to calculate the linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) polarizabilities. For this study, urea and para-nitroaniline ([Formula: see text]-NA) molecular geometries are used as prototypes to calculate their linear and NLO properties. For comparative purposes, these molecules are often used as reference organic molecules for determination of NLO response properties and there is a dire need for such a benchmark database to be utilized by the researchers. We report systematically a range of functionals including hybrid (B3LYP, PBE1PBE, BH and HLYP), meta-hybrid (M06, M06-2X, M06-HF, M06-L), long-range corrected (CAM-B3LYP, LC-BLYP, LC-B97D, LC-B97D3) and functional with dispersion correction ([Formula: see text]B97, [Formula: see text]B97X, [Formula: see text]B97XD, HSEH1PBE). These groups are evaluated and their efficiency to calculate linear and NLO properties is graphically compared with each other. Overall, there are less deviations among different functionals for calculating dipole moments of [Formula: see text]-NA and urea while these deviations enhance as one moves from dipole moment to linear polarizability and nonlinear hyperpolarizabilities. In general, if we look at the trends, the polarizability values of B3LYP, M06-L, CAM-B3LYP and HSEH1PBE are relatively large and can be compared with each other. The dispersion corrected and long-range corrected functionals show more systematic deviations. For instance, among dispersion corrected functionals, the amplitudes of dipole moments, linear polarizability and NLO polarizabilities show an increasing trend as [Formula: see text]. It is also important to note that LC-B97D and LC-B97D3 of long-range corrected functional have observed exactly the same values of all the calculated parameters. A good agreement is being observed in static first and second hyperpolarizabilities of urea (B3LYP, M06-L, M06 and HSEH1PBE) and [Formula: see text]-NA (B3LYP, M06, M06-L, CAM-B3LYP and HSEH1PBE). Thus, we believe that the current investigation will provide the benchmark data of reference NLO molecules at different methods for theoretical community and molecular level insights for experimental community to design better NLO materials for hi-tech NLO applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Waheed
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Graduate School, Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Zouhaier Aloui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux, Université de Carthage Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisie
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Ji S, Gao H, Xia X, Zheng F. A new HPLC-UV derivatization approach for the determination of potential genotoxic benzyl halides in drug substances. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25797-25804. [PMID: 35530063 PMCID: PMC9070045 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03835c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzyl halides, widely used as alkylation reagents in drug synthesis, are potential genotoxic impurities (PGTIs) required to be controlled at trace levels. However, the existing analytical methods for benzyl halides often suffer from matrix interferences or low derivatization efficiency of benzyl chlorides. In this paper, a simple derivatization HPLC-UV method was developed for the analysis of these residual trace benzyl halides in drug substances. 1-(4-Nitrophenyl) piperazine (4-NPP) was selected as a new derivatization reagent because it shifted well the benzyl halides derivatives away to the near visible range (392 nm), which could minimize the matrix interferences from the drug substances and related impurities. Meanwhile, potassium iodide (KI) was used to convert the mixed benzyl halides into benzyl iodides before derivatization. The derivatization parameters were also optimized using the design of experiments (DoE) for achieving the best reaction efficiency. The results showed that the new approach had high specificity and sensitivity, and the LOQs were 7–9 μg g−1 relative to 5 mg mL−1 antipyrine and 17.5–22.5 μg g−1 relative to 2 mg mL−1 oroxylin A. The method is a valuable alternative for the determination of residual benzyl halides in the drug substances. Benzyl halides, widely used as alkylation reagents in drug synthesis, are potential genotoxic impurities (PGTIs) required to be controlled at trace levels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Hongbin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xingya Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
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Bayat M, Taherpour AA, Elahi SM. Molecular interactions between PAMAM dendrimer and some medicines that suppress the growth of hepatitis virus (Adefovir, Entecavir, Telbivudine, Lamivudine, Tenofovir): a theoretical study. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-019-0277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Mandal D, Maity R, Dey S, Misra A. Effect of chain length and donor–acceptor substitution on the electrical responsive properties of conjugated biphenyls: a DFT-based computational study. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1489081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debkumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
| | - Rakesh Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
| | - Sudipto Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
| | - Ajay Misra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
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Maity R, Mandal D, Misra A. Effect of donor acceptor substitution position on the electrical responsive properties of azulene system: a computational study. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1543902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, W.B, India
| | - Debkumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, W.B, India
| | - Ajay Misra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, W.B, India
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Oyeneyin OE, Adejoro IA, Ogunyemi BT, Esan OT. Structural and solvent dependence on the molecular and nonlinear optical properties of 10-octyl thiophene-based phenothiazine and substituted derivatives – a theoretical approach. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2018.1485274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoba Emmanuel Oyeneyin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Ajibade Adejoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Science, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde Temitope Ogunyemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University, Otuoke, Nigeria
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Bellam R, Anipindi NR, Jaganyi D. Effect of CTAB and SDS on base hydrolysis of iron(II)-sulphonated and unsulphonated phenyl-1,2,4-triazine complexes - A kinetic and mechanistic study. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Asman PW. The role of annular nitrogen in tuning the reactivity of bifunctional platinum(II) complexes appended to pyridyl spacers; A kinetic and mechanistic investigation. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1371702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panyako Wangoli Asman
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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10
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A first-principle DFT study of solvent effects on metiamide tautomers and imaginary interactions with H2-receptors. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Zheng X, Luo L, Zhou J, Ruan X, Liu W, Zheng F. Development and validation of a general derivatization HPLC method for the trace analysis of acyl chlorides in lipophilic drug substances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:327-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Elhorri A, Zouaoui-Rabah M. NLO response of derivatives of benzene, stilbene and diphenylacetylene: MP2 and DFT calculations. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Bellam R, Sivamadhavi S, Ramakrishna S, Mambanda A, Jaganyi D, Anipindi N. Octahedral iron(II) complexes with pyridyl triazine and bipyridine ligands – synthesis, computational studies, mechanisms and kinetics with 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′,6,2″-terpyridine. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1324954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Bellam
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Department of Physical and Nuclear Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Surapureddy Sivamadhavi
- Department of Physical and Nuclear Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Saladi Ramakrishna
- Department of Physical and Nuclear Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
- Department of Chemistry, Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajamahendravaram, India
| | - Allen Mambanda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Jaganyi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Nageswararao Anipindi
- Department of Physical and Nuclear Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
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15
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Bellam R, Jaganyi D. Substitution Kinetics of [Fe(PDT/PPDT)n(phen)m]2+(n≠m;n,m= 1,2) with 2,2′-Bipyridine, 1,10-Phenanthroline, and 2,2′,6,2″-Terpyridine. INT J CHEM KINET 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Bellam
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Private Bag X01 Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
| | - Deogratius Jaganyi
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Private Bag X01 Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
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16
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Study of solvent effects on structural and conformational properties of cimetidine tautomers. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Chen Z, Du M, Xia W, Hu J. One-pot synthesis of α,β-dehydroamino derivatives from β,β-dicyanostyrene with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin promoted by mild base. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Zhang L, Liu S, Cheng M, Du Y, Zhu Q. Vibrational Spectra and Theoretical Calculations of cis- and trans-3-Fluoro-N-methylaniline in the Neutral (S(0)) and Cationic (D(0)) Ground States. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:81-94. [PMID: 26669268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectra of jet-cooled cis- and trans-3-fluoro-N-methylaniline (3FNMA) were recorded by ionizing via the vibrationless 0(0) and various vibrational levels of the S1 state. The adiabatic ionization energies of cis- and trans-3FNMA are determined to be 61,742 ± 5 and 61,602 ± 5 cm(-1), respectively. In the 0-1800 cm(-1) region, most of the observed vibrations in the D0 state result from the in-plane ring deformation and substituent-sensitive modes. For the high-frequency vibration region, the infrared-ultraviolet double-resonance and autoionization-detected infrared spectroscopies were applied to investigate the N-H and C-H stretching vibrations of bare 3FNMA in the S0 and D0 states. The C-H stretching vibrational information, which we failed to obtain for the bare 3FNMA cation, is complemented by recording the infrared-photodissociation spectra of its Ar cluster cation. It is revealed that a red-shifted frequency and an enhanced intensity are observed for the N-H stretch, while blue-shifted frequencies and greatly decreased intensities are found for both aromatic and the methyl C-H stretches. The blue shift of the C-H stretches is first explained by the balance of two factors, namely, the hyperconjugative interaction and the rehybridization effect. Analysis of the vibrational frequencies reveals a correlation between the relative stability of two rotamers in different electronic states and the relative rigidity of aromatic ring, indicating a mechanism of the long-range interactions "through bond" between the substituents. The density functional theory calculations can well reproduce the vibrational spectra in both S0 and D0 states. With the experimental and theoretical data, the substitution and conformation effects on the properties of 3FNMA in the S0 and D0 states, including the molecular structures, the reactive sites of electrophilic attack, and the vibrational behaviors, were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Binzhou University , Binzhou 256600, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Min Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yikui Du
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qihe Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Sobola A, Watkins G, Van Brecht B, Adejoro I. Synthesis, structure, and theoretical studies of bis(five-coordinate) μ–O–[CuL 2] 2: predicting distortion toward trigonality. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1110853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Sobola
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - G.M. Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - B. Van Brecht
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - I.A. Adejoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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20
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A study of the effects of solvent on structural and conformational properties of ranitidine tautomer forms by DFT method. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Molecular structure and solvent effects on the dipole moments and polarizabilities of some aniline derivatives. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Solomon RV, Veerapandian P, Vedha SA, Venuvanalingam P. Tuning Nonlinear Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Vinyl Coupled Triazene Chromophores: A Density Functional Theory and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4667-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302276w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vijay Solomon
- Theoretical & Computational Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India
| | - P. Veerapandian
- Theoretical & Computational Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India
| | - S. Angeline Vedha
- Theoretical & Computational Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India
| | - P. Venuvanalingam
- Theoretical & Computational Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India
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