2
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Gallardo-Fuentes S, Lodeiro L, Matute R, Fernández I. Mechanistic Insights into the DABCO-Catalyzed Cloke-Wilson Rearrangement: A DFT Perspective. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15902-15912. [PMID: 37885222 PMCID: PMC10661052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism and selectivity patterns of the DABCO-catalyzed Cloke-Wilson rearrangement were computationally studied in detail using density functional theory calculations. Our computations suggest that the process occurs stepwise involving the initial ring opening of the cyclopropane promoted by a DABCO molecule followed by a ring-closure reaction of the readily formed zwitterionic intermediate. The regioselectivity of the initial nucleophilic ring-opening step strongly depends on the nature of the substituent attached to the cyclopropane moiety. The physical factors governing the preference for the more sterically hindered C2 (tertiary) position have been quantitatively analyzed by applying the combined activation strain model-energy decomposition analysis method. In addition, our calculations revealed a new mechanism for the analogous transformation involving vinylcyclopropanes consisting of an initial SN2' ring-opening process followed by a 5-exo-trig cyclization step, which proceeds without facial selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Gallardo-Fuentes
- Instituto
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Lucas Lodeiro
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Ricardo Matute
- Centro
Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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3
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Zhang G, Chen L, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Bi J, Li M, Zhang X. Organocatalytic Cloke-Wilson Rearrangement: Carbocation-Initiated Tandem Ring Opening/Cyclization of Cyclopropanes under Neutral Conditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1003-1017. [PMID: 36626186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a metal-, acid-, and base-free 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene (2-BMN)-promoted organocatalytic Cloke-Wilson rearrangement of chain doubly activated cyclopropanes for the construction of 2,3-dihydrofurans via a carbocation-initiated tandem intramolecular ring-opening/recyclization process. The strategy is especially suitable for the construction of furan units in complex molecules, providing a solution to the problem of heavy-metal residues in dihydrofuran-containing drugs synthesized by traditional metal-based protocols. Thus, it is of potential interest in synthetic and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhaokang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jingjing Bi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Mengjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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7
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Wu Y, Li M, Jin L, Zhao X. Mechanism of Phosphine-Catalyzed Novel Rearrangement of Vinylcyclopropylketone to Cycloheptenone: A DFT Study. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2957-2966. [PMID: 32095718 PMCID: PMC7034002 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The title reaction is theoretically investigated in detail using density functional theory. Three possible routes starting from keto- or enol-type vinylcyclopropylketone are considered in this work. Results indicate that phosphine catalyst would first attack at the three-membered ring (C3 position) rather than the terminal of alkene (C1 position) in vinylcyclopropylketone. It is found that the two-stage mechanism would be responsible for the title reaction. The first stage is the SN2-type ring-opening of the keto-type vinylcyclopropylketone with phosphine catalyst. After the proton-transfer tautomerisms in the zwitterionic intermediates, the second stage is associated with the 7-endo-trig SN2'-type ring closure of keto- or enol-type zwitterions to furnish seven-membered cyclic products and recover the catalyst. Moreover, it turns out that 7-endo-trig SN2'-type ring closure would be highly asynchronous and could be well described as an addition/elimination process where the ring closure already finishes before the cleavage of the C-P bond. Computational results provide a deep insight into experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Mingzhen Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Lu Jin
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural
University, Urumchi 830025, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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9
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Liu SC, Li X, Li SJ, Wei D. Insight into Isothiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of Saturated Esters to Iminium Ions. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4322-4327. [PMID: 31646734 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The possible mechanisms and origin of the selectivities of isothiourea-catalyzed addition of saturated esters to iminium ions have been investigated by density functional theory. The favorable reaction pathway includes three stages: formation of an ammonium enolate intermediate, enantioselective addition of the ammonium enolate intermediate to the iminium ion, and dissociation of the catalyst to form the product. The enantioselective addition process is the stereoselectivity-determining step, while the chemoselectivity-determining step is included in the formation of the final product. The calculated energy barriers show that the chemoselectivity is thermodynamically controlled, and it depends on the polarities of the products and the nucleophilicities of the N atoms of the enamine reactant moieties of the intermediates. The origin of the stereoselectivity was investigated by non-covalent interaction analysis of the key transition states. Hydrogen bonding interactions were identified as the determining factor for controlling the stereoselectivity. The obtained insight will be valuable for rational design of novel Lewis base organocatalyst-promoted enantioselective addition reactions with special chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Cong Liu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P. R. China
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