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Salih SAM, Basheer HA, de Julián-Ortiz JV, Mohammad-Salim HA. Unveiling the Stereoselectivity and Regioselectivity of the [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction between N-methyl-C-4-methylphenyl-nitrone and 2-Propynamide from a MEDT Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109102. [PMID: 37240445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
[3+2] cycloaddition reactions play a crucial role in synthesizing complex organic molecules and have significant applications in drug discovery and materials science. In this study, the [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of N-methyl-C-4-methyl phenyl-nitrone 1 and 2-propynamide 2, which have not been extensively studied before, were investigated using molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. According to an electron localization function (ELF) study, N-methyl-C-4-methyl phenyl-nitrone 1 is a zwitterionic species with no pseudoradical or carbenoid centers. Conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) indices were used to predict the global electronic flux from the strong nucleophilic N-methyl-C-4-methyl phenylnitrone 1 to the electrophilic 2-propynamide 2 functions. The 32CA reactions proceeded through two pairs of stereo- and regioisomeric reaction pathways to generate four different products: 3, 4, 5, and 6. The reaction pathways were irreversible owing to their exothermic characters: -136.48, -130.08, -130.99, and -140.81 kJ mol-1, respectively. The enthalpy of the 32CA reaction leading to the formation of cycloadduct 6 was lower compared with the other path owing to a slight increase in its polar character, observed through the global electron density transfer (GEDT) during the transition states and along the reaction path. A bonding evolution theory (BET) analysis showed that these 32CA reactions proceed through the coupling of pseudoradical centers, and the formation of new C-C and C-O covalent bonds did not begin in the transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huda A Basheer
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Zakho, Duhok 42001, Iraq
| | - Jesus Vicente de Julián-Ortiz
- Molecular Topology and Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Haydar A Mohammad-Salim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Zakho, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Molecular Topology and Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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2
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Kavitha Preethi R, Kannadasan S, Shanmugam P. Azomethine ylide [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of 3-alkylidene-7-aza-2-indolone: Synthesis of 3,3′-dispiropyrrolidine- and 3,3′-dispiropyrrolizidine bis 7-aza-2-oxindoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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DFT Study of Regio- and Stereoselective 13DC Reaction between Diazopropane and Substituted Chalcone Derivatives: Molecular Docking of Novel Pyrazole Derivatives as Anti-Alzheimer's Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041899. [PMID: 36838888 PMCID: PMC9964806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a combination of experimental and density functional theory (DFT) investigation of the (3+2) cycloaddition reactions of diazopropane with chalcone derivatives was reported. All calculations were performed using several DFT approaches (B3LYP, M06, M06-2X) and 6-311+G(d, p) basis set. Based on the NMR, MS analyses and IRC calculations, the pyrazole derivatives are the kinetic adducts over the oxadiazoles. The use of two equivalents of diazopropane leads to thermodynamical products. A molecular docking analysis was performed to investigate the efficiency of the obtained products against selected drug targets in anti-Alzheimer ligand-receptor interactions. We revealed that the ligands selected were bound mainly to the catalytic (CAS) and peripheral (PAS) anionic sites of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitors, respectively. The selected ligands 1, 3, 4 and P14 may act as the best inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Zawadzińska K, Gadocha Z, Pabian K, Wróblewska A, Wielgus E, Jasiński R. The First Examples of [3+2] Cycloadditions with the Participation of ( E)-3,3,3-Tribromo-1-Nitroprop-1-Ene. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217584. [PMID: 36363174 PMCID: PMC9657535 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between 3,3,3-tribromo-1-nitroprop-1-ene (TBMN) were explored on the basis of experimental and theoretical approaches. It was found that reactions involving TBMN and diarylnitrones realized with full regio- and stereoselectivity lead to respective 3,4-cis-4,5-trans-4-nitroisoxazolidines. The regioselecticity and the molecular mechanism of title processes was analyzed on the basis of the advanced DFT computational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Zawadzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Gadocha
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamila Pabian
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wielgus
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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5
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Novak I. Photoionization of stable mesoionic compounds. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Mechanistic aspects of the Diels-Alder reaction between (E)-N-benzylidene-2,2-difluoro-1-phenylethenamine and 2-vinyl pyridine: A molecular electron density theory study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Legnani L, Giofré SV, Iannazzo D, Celesti C, Veltri L, Chiacchio MA. Chemoselective Oxidation of Isoxazolidines with Ruthenium Tetroxide: A Successful Intertwining of Combined Theoretical and Experimental Data. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175390. [PMID: 36080160 PMCID: PMC9478963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct oxidation reaction of isoxazolidines plays an important role in organic chemistry, leading to the synthesis of biologically active compounds. In this paper, we report a computational mechanistic study of RuO4-catalyzed oxidation of differently N-substituted isoxazolidines 1a–c. Attention was focused on the endo/exo oxidation selectivity. For all the investigated compounds, the exo attack is preferred to the endo one, showing exo percentages growing in parallel with the stability order of transient carbocations found along the reaction pathway. The study has been supported by experimental data that nicely confirm the modeling results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Legnani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore V. Giofré
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Consuelo Celesti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Lucia Veltri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Aracavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
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8
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Assunta Chiacchio M, Iannazzo D, Giofrè SV, Romeo R, Legnani L. Ruthenium Tetroxide Oxidation of N-Methyl-Isoxazolidine: Computational Mechanistic Study. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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9
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Xu JL, Xu ZY, Wang ZL, Ma WW, Sun XY, Fu Y, Xu YH. Copper-Catalyzed Regiodivergent and Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Allenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5535-5542. [PMID: 35297616 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed regiodivergent hydrosilylation of a wide range of simple allenes is reported. Linear and branched allylsilanes were formed by judicious choice of solvents. Furthermore, branched allylsilanes were obtained with high enantioselectivity (up to 97% enantiomeric excess) with the aid of a C2-symmetric bisphosphine ligand in the unprecedented asymmetric allene hydrosilylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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10
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Acharjee N, Mondal A, Chakraborty M. Unveiling the intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of C, N-disubstituted nitrones from the molecular electron density theory perspective. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zwitterionic type intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of nitrones show remarkable substituent effects and varying reactivities in the cases of cyclic and acyclic alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur, 713214, West Bengal, India
| | - Asmita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur, 713214, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinmoy Chakraborty
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, 713206, West Bengal, India
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11
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Zhang Y, Long Z, Yan L, Liu L, Yang L, Le Y. Discovery of 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives as potent antibacterial agents derived from the studies of [3 + 2] cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25633-25638. [PMID: 36199305 PMCID: PMC9455768 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysubstituted phenylisoxazoles were designed and synthesized to discover new antibacterial agents via [3 + 2] cycloaddition. Thirty-five compounds with a phenylisoxazole scaffold were characterized by NMR, HRMS, and X-ray techniques. After being evaluated against Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo), Pseudomonas syringae (Psa), and Xanthomonas axonopodis (Xac), 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives were found to better antibacterial activities. Further studies have shown that the EC50 values of these compounds were much better than that of the positive control, bismerthiazol. Thirty-five compounds with phenylisoxazole scaffold were synthesized via [3+2] cycloaddition. After being evaluated against Xoo, Psa and Xac, 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives were found well antibacterial activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiwu Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Longjia Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Le
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
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12
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Mitka K, Fela K, Olszewska A, Jasiński R. On the Question of Zwitterionic Intermediates in the [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions between C-arylnitrones and Perfluoro 2-Methylpent-2-ene. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237147. [PMID: 34885722 PMCID: PMC8659067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between C-arylnitrones and perfluoro 2-methylpent-2-ene was explored on the basis of DFT calculations. It was found that despite the polar nature of the intermolecular interactions, as well as the presence of fluorine atoms near the reaction centers, all reactions considered cycloaddition proceed via a one-step mechanism. All attempts for the localization of zwitterionic intermediates on the reaction paths were not successful. Similar results were obtained regardless of the level of theory applied.
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13
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Kącka-Zych A, Jasiński R. Understanding the molecular mechanism of γ-elimination of nitrous acid in the framework of the molecular electron density theory. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1195-1203. [PMID: 33844329 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of γ-dehydronitration of furaxanenitrolic acids have been studied within the density functional theory using molecular electron density theory scheme at the MPWB1K(PCM)/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. The alteration of bonding along the course of the reaction is studied in the topology of the electron density functional within the bonding evolution theory perspective. The characteristics of electron density changes indicate that we can distinguish six different phases in the nitrous acid extrusion from furaxanenitrolic acid 1a. These different phases related to the intrinsic reaction coordinate path of the analyzed reaction denote the non-concerted nature of the molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow, Poland
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14
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Zouaghi MO, Doggui MY, Arfaoui Y. Regio- and stereoselectivity of the [3+2] cycloaddition of nitrones with methyl-acetophenone: A DFT investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107960. [PMID: 34126545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical study of the regio- and stereoselectivities of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with substituted alkene (methyl acetophenone) is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and carried out at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The reactivity of these cycloadditions is rationalized by FMO model, activation energy calculations, and philicity indexes. The electronic populations have been calculated from natural orbital, which based on charges by using NBO analysis, MK and CHelpG electrostatic population. The four possible pathways, fused and bridged regioisomeric modes, and the two stereoisomeric approaches endo and exo for the cycloaddition reactions are analyzed and discussed. Analysis of TS geometries and bond lengths demonstrate that these reactions follow a one-step mechanism with asynchronous transition states. The activation energy indicated a favored endo approach along the four reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Oussama Zouaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications and Modeling of Materials LR18ES08, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Yassine Doggui
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications and Modeling of Materials LR18ES08, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Arfaoui
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications and Modeling of Materials LR18ES08, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
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15
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Jasiński R. Understanding the different reactivity of ( Z)- and ( E)-β-nitrostyrenes in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. An MEDT study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9698-9708. [PMID: 35423465 PMCID: PMC8695397 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental reactivity of isomeric (Z)- and (E)-β-nitrostyrenes participating in [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions has been analysed on the basis of molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the HF/6-311G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) computational levels. It was found that the polar zw-type 32CA reactions with 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide proceed via a one-step mechanism, characterised by the attack of the nucleophilic oxygen centre of the nitrone on the electrophilically activated β-position of these nitrostyrenes. This behaviour is completely understood by means of the analysis of the conceptual DFT reactivity indices. These 32CA reactions present low activation enthalpies of 4.4 (Z) and 5.0 (E) kcal mol-1, and are exo (Z) and endo (E) stereoselective (B3LYP), as well as completely meta regioselective (ωB97X-D, B3LYP). The less stable (Z)-β-nitrostyrene is more reactive than the (E)-one (HF). ELF and AIM topological analyses of the reagents and TSs show the great similitude between their electronic structures. Finally, NCI allows explaining the exo stereoselectivity found in the reaction of (Z)-β-nitrostyrene. The present MEDT study explains the different reactivity, selectivity and competitiveness in the title reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology Warszawska 24 31-155 Cracow Poland
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16
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Application of β-Phosphorylated Nitroethenes in [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Involving Benzonitrile N-Oxide in the Light of a DFT Computational Study. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regiochemistry of [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) processes between benzonitrile N-oxide 1 and β-phosphorylated analogues of nitroethenes 2a–c has been studied using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the M062X/6-31+G(d) theory level. The obtained results of reactivity indices show that benzonitrile N-oxide 1 can be classified both as a moderate electrophile and moderate nucleophile, while β-phosphorylated analogues of nitroethenes 2a–c can be classified as strong electrophiles and marginal nucleophiles. Moreover, the analysis of CDFT shows that for [3+2] cycloadditions with the participation of β-phosphorylatednitroethene 2a and β-phosphorylated α-cyanonitroethene 2b, the more favored reaction path forms 4-nitro-substituted Δ2-isoxazolines 3a–b, while for a reaction with β-phosphorylated β-cyanonitroethene 2c, the more favored path forms 5-nitro-substituted Δ2-isoxazoline 4c. This is due to the presence of a cyano group in the alkene. The CDFT study correlates well with the analysis of the kinetic description of the considered reaction channels. Moreover, DFT calculations have proven the clearly polar nature of all analyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions according to the polar one-step mechanism.
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17
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Liu Y, Liu J, Liu YY, Tang B, Lin H, Li Y, Zhang L. Synthesis of spirocyclic Δ 4-isoxazolines via [3 + 2] cycloaddition of indanone-derived ketonitrones with alkynes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30415-30425. [PMID: 35480251 PMCID: PMC9041119 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06063e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A [3 + 2] cycloaddition of indanone-derived nitrones and alkynes under mild conditions is developed, allowing facile synthesis of spirocyclicindenyl isoxazolines with structural diversity. The sequential protocol of generated in situ ketonitrone from unsaturated ketones and N-alkylhydroxylamines is also achieved successfully, affording the desired products in considerable yield with moderate to good diastereoselectivity. Moreover, the spirocyclic product can be conveniently transformed into indenyl-based allylic alcohol and enamide. A [3 + 2] cycloaddition of indanone-derived nitrones with alkynes under mild conditions has been developed. It is a highly efficient and straightforward method for the synthesis of diverse spirocyclicindenyl isoxazolines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiaxue Liu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Yan-Yun Liu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Boxiao Tang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Yuanxiang Li
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
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18
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On the Question of Zwitterionic Intermediates in the [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions: A Critical Review. ORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/org1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
New discoveries require a fundamental revision of the view on the mechanism of the 32CAreaction (according to the older nomenclature defined as 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions). The view of the one-step, “concerted” mechanism of such processes developed in the 20-century is very popular today, both in academic literature and among organic chemists who do not specialize in such transformations. Meanwhile, more and more reports bring examples of reactions that clearly cannot be treated as processes without intermediates. However, these examples are documented very differently. In addition to comprehensive studies using many complementary research techniques, there are also reports in which the presence of intermediates in the cycloaddition environment is postulated on the basis of very unreliable premises. This review is an attempt at a critical analysis and systematization of data in the presented area.
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19
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Jasiński R. Selenyl analog of the (Z)-C,N-diphenylnitrone as the TAC in [3 + 2] cycloaddition with nitroethene: A DFT computational study. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1760865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
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20
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Acharjee N. Unravelling the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of bicyclic N,O-nucleoside analogues within the molecular electron density theory perspective. Struct Chem 2020; 31:2147-2160. [PMID: 32837116 PMCID: PMC7315015 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of 1-pyrroline-1-oxide with N-vinyl nucleobases leading to bicyclic N,O nucleoside analogues have been studied within the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) computational level. These non-polar zwitterionic type 32CA reactions take place through a one-step mechanism with minimal global electron density transfer (GEDT) at the TSs and the exo/ortho approach mode as the energetically favoured reaction path. The 32CA reactions of N-vinyl nucleobases with thymine and cytosine substituents respectively show the activation enthalpies of 15.2 and 12.5 kcal mol−1 in toluene. The reactions are irreversible due to strong exothermic character of − 35.4–− 26.4 kcal mol−1 in toluene. The bonding evolution theory (BET) study suggests that these 32CA reactions take place through the coupling of pseudoradical centres with earlier C–C bond formation and the formation of new C–C and C–O covalent bonds has not been started in the TSs. Non-covalent interactions (NCI) are predicted at the TSs from the visualization of NCI gradient isosurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Durgapur Government College, Paschim Bardhaman, Durgapur, West Bengal 713214 India
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21
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Kącka-Zych A. Push-pull nitronates in the [3+2] cycloaddition with nitroethylene: Molecular Electron Density Theory study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107549. [PMID: 32028111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structure and the participation of the N-methoxy-N-[bis(methoxycarbonyl)methylene]amine N-oxide as model push-pull nitronate 1 with nitroethylene 2 in [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction have been analyzed within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP(PCM)/6-31G(d) level. Topological analysis of the Electron Localization Function (ELF) of nitronate 1 reveals that this compound has pseudoradical center, while the conceptual DFT reactivity indices characterizes this three-atom-component (TAC) as a strong electrophile. The analyzed 32CA reaction takes place through a one-step mechanism. A Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) study of the more favorable reaction path associated with the 32CA reaction of nitronate 1 with nitroethylene 2 indicates that it is associated with a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism, in which the activation energy is mainly related with to the initial formation of the O3-C4 single bond. In the case of this reaction, an additional mechanism with formation of intermediate 7 is also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland.
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22
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Mlostoń G, Jasiński R, Kula K, Heimgartner H. A DFT Study on the Barton-Kellogg Reaction - The Molecular Mechanism of the Formation of Thiiranes in the Reaction between Diphenyldiazomethane and Diaryl Thioketones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Kula
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Krakow Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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23
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Soleymani M, Kazemi Chegeni Z. A molecular electron density theory study on the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide with 2-cyclopentenone. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 92:256-266. [PMID: 31422198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (Nit-5) and 2-cyclopentenone (CPN-6), experimentally reported by Tamura et al., was theoretically studied using the newly introduced molecular electron density theory (MEDT). Based on the experimental findings, this reaction takes place in an O3-C4 regio- and an exo-stereospecific fashion to give corresponding [3 + 2] exo cycloadduct as the sole product. The results of the potential energy surface analysis indicated that the experimentally reported product is more favorable both thermodynamically and kinetically relative to other possible adducts. In complete agreement with the experimental outcomes, the conceptual density functional theory reactivity indices explained the reactivity and regioselectivity of the reaction. Calculation of global electron density transfer of the energetically most preferred transition state indicated that the electron density fluxes from Nit-5 as a nucleophilic species toward CPN-6 as an electrophilic species. Analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential map of the most favorable transition state showed that approach of Nit-5 and CPN-6 locates the oppositely charged regions over each other leading to attractive forces between two reagents rationalizing the exo stereoselectivity predominance. The molecular mechanism of the reactions was specified using electron localization function analysis over some relevant points along the intrinsic reaction coordinate profile of the most favorable transition state and the results indicated that this zwitterionic-type [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction proceeds through a two-stage one-step mechanism. In fact, while the O3-C4 single bond is initialy formed between two fragments through donation of some electron density from the O3 oxygen lone electron-pairs of Nit-5 toward the C4 carbon atom of CPN-6, the delayed C1-C5 single bond begins to form via C1- to -C5 coupling of pseudodiracal centers created on theses atoms over the course of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Kazemi Chegeni
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran
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24
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Competition between [2 + 1]- and [4 + 1]-cycloaddition mechanisms in reactions of conjugated nitroalkenes with dichlorocarbene in the light of a DFT computational study. J Mol Model 2019; 25:157. [PMID: 31079231 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Jasiński R. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of the phenylsulfenic acid elimination from nitroalkyl systems. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 89:109-113. [PMID: 30884447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the phenylsulfenic acid elimination from nitroalkyl systems has been explored using M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p) theoretical level. It was found that independently of environment polarity as well as degree of screening of nitroalkyl moiety, these types of reactions proceed via one-step, polar mechanism with asynchronous transition state. According to actual state of knowledge this type of the mechanism should not be treated as "pericyclic". Simultaneously, all attempts for localization of stationary structures which can be related to the hypothetical, stepwise mechanism were not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Poland.
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26
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de Andrade Danin Barbosa G, de Aguiar AP, de Carvalho EM, da Rocha Nogueira JM. Synthesis of 3-furanyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole Derivatives via Cycloaddition and their Antibacterial Evaluation. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180627115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health. So this manuscript
describes the synthesis of five different 3,5-disubstituted 4,5-dihydroisoxazoles with antimicrobial
activity.
</P><P>
Methods: They were obtained from nitrile oxide cycloaddition derived from 2-furaldehyde and 5-
nitro-2-furaldehyde to different dipolarophiles (acrylamide, ethyl acrylate and styrene). All heterocycles
were isolated (30-50 %) and characterized by FTIR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR, as they were also
evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
</P><P>
Results and Conclusion: All products showed bioactivity against all bacteria, however, the heterocycle
3-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-5-carboxylamide-4,5-dihydroisoxazole (6b) presented the lowest value
for the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC - 14 µg/mL).
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27
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Dresler E, Kącka-Zych A, Kwiatkowska M, Jasiński R. Regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and molecular mechanism of [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between 2-methyl-1-nitroprop-1-ene and (Z)-C-aryl-N-phenylnitrones: a DFT computational study. J Mol Model 2018; 24:329. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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28
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Li J, Zhang M, Huang S, Ding Y, Hu A. Concurrent Radical Addition and [3+2] Cycloaddition between Nitrones and Maleimide-Based Acyclic Enediynes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Mengsi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yun Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Aiguo Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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29
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Mlostoń G, Celeda M, Jasiński R, Heimgartner H. Experimental and Computational Studies on Stepwise [3+2]-Cycloadditions of Diaryldiazomethanes with Electron-Deficient Dimethyl (E
)- and (Z
)-2,3-Dicyanobutenedioates. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Małgorzata Celeda
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Cracow Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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30
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Domingo LR, Acharjee N. [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of C
-Phenyl-N
-methyl Nitrone to Acyclic-Olefin-Bearing Electron-Donating Substituent: A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Valencia, Dr.Moliner 50; E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry; Durgapur Government College, J. N. Avenue; Durgapur-713214, West Bengal India
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