1
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Daneshmand M, SalarAmoli J, BaghbanZadeh N. A QSAR study for predicting malformation in zebrafish embryo. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38586962 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2338907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental toxicity tests are extremely expensive, require a large number of animals, and are time-consuming. It is necessary to develop a new approach to simplify the analysis of developmental endpoints. One of these endpoints is malformation, and one group of ongoing methods for simplifying is in silico models. In this study, we aim to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model and identify the best algorithm for predicting malformations, as well as the most important and effective physicochemical properties associated with malformation. METHODS The dataset was extracted from a reliable database called COMPTOX. Physicochemical properties (descriptors) were calculated using Mordred and RDKit chemoinformatics software. The data were cleaned, preprocessed, and then split into training and testing sets. Machine learning algorithms, such as gradient boosting model (GBM) and logistic regression (LR), as well as deep learning models, including multilayer perceptron (MLP) and neural networks (NNs) trained with train set data and different sets of descriptors. The models were then validated with test set and various statistical parameters, such as Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) and balanced accuracy (BAC) score, were used to compare the models. RESULTS A set of descriptors containing with 78% AUC was identified as the best set of descriptors. Gradient boosting was determined to be the best algorithm with 78% predictive power. CONCLUSIONS The descriptors that were the most effective for developing models directly impact the mechanism of malformation, and GBM is the best model due to its MCC and BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Daneshmand
- Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh SalarAmoli
- Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Bassan A, Steigerwalt R, Keller D, Beilke L, Bradley PM, Bringezu F, Brock WJ, Burns-Naas LA, Chambers J, Cross K, Dorato M, Elespuru R, Fuhrer D, Hall F, Hartke J, Jahnke GD, Kluxen FM, McDuffie E, Schmidt F, Valentin JP, Woolley D, Zane D, Myatt GJ. Developing a pragmatic consensus procedure supporting the ICH S1B(R1) weight of evidence carcinogenicity assessment. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1370045. [PMID: 38646442 PMCID: PMC11027748 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1370045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The ICH S1B carcinogenicity global testing guideline has been recently revised with a novel addendum that describes a comprehensive integrated Weight of Evidence (WoE) approach to determine the need for a 2-year rat carcinogenicity study. In the present work, experts from different organizations have joined efforts to standardize as much as possible a procedural framework for the integration of evidence associated with the different ICH S1B(R1) WoE criteria. The framework uses a pragmatic consensus procedure for carcinogenicity hazard assessment to facilitate transparent, consistent, and documented decision-making and it discusses best-practices both for the organization of studies and presentation of data in a format suitable for regulatory review. First, it is acknowledged that the six WoE factors described in the addendum form an integrated network of evidence within a holistic assessment framework that is used synergistically to analyze and explain safety signals. Second, the proposed standardized procedure builds upon different considerations related to the primary sources of evidence, mechanistic analysis, alternative methodologies and novel investigative approaches, metabolites, and reliability of the data and other acquired information. Each of the six WoE factors is described highlighting how they can contribute evidence for the overall WoE assessment. A suggested reporting format to summarize the cross-integration of evidence from the different WoE factors is also presented. This work also notes that even if a 2-year rat study is ultimately required, creating a WoE assessment is valuable in understanding the specific factors and levels of human carcinogenic risk better than have been identified previously with the 2-year rat bioassay alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas Keller
- Independent Consultant, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Lisa Beilke
- Toxicology Solutions, Inc., Marana, AZ, United States
| | | | - Frank Bringezu
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - William J. Brock
- Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Hilton Head, SC, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas Fuhrer
- BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc., New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Jim Hartke
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Eric McDuffie
- Neurocrine Bioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Doris Zane
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
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3
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Jia X, Wang T, Zhu H. Advancing Computational Toxicology by Interpretable Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17690-17706. [PMID: 37224004 PMCID: PMC10666545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemical toxicity evaluations for drugs, consumer products, and environmental chemicals have a critical impact on human health. Traditional animal models to evaluate chemical toxicity are expensive, time-consuming, and often fail to detect toxicants in humans. Computational toxicology is a promising alternative approach that utilizes machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to predict the toxicity potentials of chemicals. Although the applications of ML- and DL-based computational models in chemical toxicity predictions are attractive, many toxicity models are "black boxes" in nature and difficult to interpret by toxicologists, which hampers the chemical risk assessments using these models. The recent progress of interpretable ML (IML) in the computer science field meets this urgent need to unveil the underlying toxicity mechanisms and elucidate the domain knowledge of toxicity models. In this review, we focused on the applications of IML in computational toxicology, including toxicity feature data, model interpretation methods, use of knowledge base frameworks in IML development, and recent applications. The challenges and future directions of IML modeling in toxicology are also discussed. We hope this review can encourage efforts in developing interpretable models with new IML algorithms that can assist new chemical assessments by illustrating toxicity mechanisms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Jia
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Tong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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4
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Tran TTV, Surya Wibowo A, Tayara H, Chong KT. Artificial Intelligence in Drug Toxicity Prediction: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2628-2643. [PMID: 37125780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity prediction is a critical step in the drug discovery process that helps identify and prioritize compounds with the greatest potential for safe and effective use in humans, while also reducing the risk of costly late-stage failures. It is estimated that over 30% of drug candidates are discarded owing to toxicity. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has been used to improve drug toxicity prediction as it provides more accurate and efficient methods for identifying the potentially toxic effects of new compounds before they are tested in human clinical trials, thus saving time and money. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in AI-based drug toxicity prediction, including the use of various machine learning algorithms and deep learning architectures, of six major toxicity properties and Tox21 assay end points. Additionally, we provide a list of public data sources and useful toxicity prediction tools for the research community and highlight the challenges that must be addressed to enhance model performance. Finally, we discuss future perspectives for AI-based drug toxicity prediction. This review can aid researchers in understanding toxicity prediction and pave the way for new methods of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuyet Van Tran
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Information Technology, An Giang University, Long Xuyen 880000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Agung Surya Wibowo
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
| | - Hilal Tayara
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil To Chong
- Advances Electronics and Information Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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5
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Toropov AA, Barnes DA, Toropova AP, Roncaglioni A, Irvine AR, Masereeuw R, Benfenati E. CORAL Models for Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity. TOXICS 2023; 11:293. [PMID: 37112520 PMCID: PMC10142465 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a major cause of kidney dysfunction with potentially fatal consequences. The poor prediction of clinical responses based on preclinical research hampers the development of new pharmaceuticals. This emphasises the need for new methods for earlier and more accurate diagnosis to avoid drug-induced kidney injuries. Computational predictions of drug-induced nephrotoxicity are an attractive approach to facilitate such an assessment and such models could serve as robust and reliable replacements for animal testing. To provide the chemical information for computational prediction, we used the convenient and common SMILES format. We examined several versions of so-called optimal SMILES-based descriptors. We obtained the highest statistical values, considering the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of the prediction, by applying recently suggested atoms pairs proportions vectors and the index of ideality of correlation, which is a special statistical measure of the predictive potential. Implementation of this tool in the drug development process might lead to safer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Toropov
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (A.P.T.); (A.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Devon A. Barnes
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, div. Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.A.B.); (A.R.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Alla P. Toropova
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (A.P.T.); (A.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Alessandra Roncaglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (A.P.T.); (A.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Alasdair R. Irvine
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, div. Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.A.B.); (A.R.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, div. Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.A.B.); (A.R.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (A.P.T.); (A.R.); (E.B.)
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6
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Zwickl CM, Graham J, Jolly R, Bassan A, Ahlberg E, Amberg A, Anger LT, Barton-Maclaren T, Beilke L, Bellion P, Brigo A, Cronin MT, Custer L, Devlin A, Burleigh-Flayers H, Fish T, Glover K, Glowienke S, Gromek K, Jones D, Karmaus A, Kemper R, Piparo EL, Madia F, Martin M, Masuda-Herrera M, McAtee B, Mestre J, Milchak L, Moudgal C, Mumtaz M, Muster W, Neilson L, Patlewicz G, Paulino A, Roncaglioni A, Ruiz P, Suarez D, Szabo DT, Valentin JP, Vardakou I, Woolley D, Myatt G. Principles and Procedures for Assessment of Acute Toxicity Incorporating In Silico Methods. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 24:100237. [PMID: 36818760 PMCID: PMC9934006 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2022.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute toxicity in silico models are being used to support an increasing number of application areas including (1) product research and development, (2) product approval and registration as well as (3) the transport, storage and handling of chemicals. The adoption of such models is being hindered, in part, because of a lack of guidance describing how to perform and document an in silico analysis. To address this issue, a framework for an acute toxicity hazard assessment is proposed. This framework combines results from different sources including in silico methods and in vitro or in vivo experiments. In silico methods that can assist the prediction of in vivo outcomes (i.e., LD50) are analyzed concluding that predictions obtained using in silico approaches are now well-suited for reliably supporting assessment of LD50-based acute toxicity for the purpose of GHS classification. A general overview is provided of the endpoints from in vitro studies commonly evaluated for predicting acute toxicity (e.g., cytotoxicity/cytolethality as well as assays targeting specific mechanisms). The increased understanding of pathways and key triggering mechanisms underlying toxicity and the increased availability of in vitro data allow for a shift away from assessments solely based on endpoints such as LD50, to mechanism-based endpoints that can be accurately assessed in vitro or by using in silico prediction models. This paper also highlights the importance of an expert review of all available information using weight-of-evidence considerations and illustrates, using a series of diverse practical use cases, how in silico approaches support the assessment of acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Graham
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert Jolly
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Arianna Bassan
- Innovatune srl, Via Giulio Zanon 130/D, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Ernst Ahlberg
- Universal Prediction AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Amberg
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Tara Barton-Maclaren
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada / Government of Canada
| | - Lisa Beilke
- Toxicology Solutions, Inc., 10531 4S Commons Dr. #594, San Diego, CA 92127, USA
| | - Phillip Bellion
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 128, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Alessandro Brigo
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Amy Devlin
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Trevor Fish
- Nelson Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Jones
- MHRA, 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London E14 4PU
| | - Agnes Karmaus
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | | | - Elena Lo Piparo
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Madia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jordi Mestre
- IMIM Institut Hospital Del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Chemotargets SL, Baldiri Reixac 4, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Office of the Associate Director for Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Wolfgang Muster
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Grace Patlewicz
- Centre for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Alessandra Roncaglioni
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Diana Suarez
- FSTox Consulting LTD, 2 Brooks Road Raunds Wellingborough NN9 6NS
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Valentin
- UCB-Biopharma SRL, Development Science, Avenue de l’industrie, Braine l’Alleud, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Vardakou
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Glenn Myatt
- Instem, 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
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7
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Crofton KM, Bassan A, Behl M, Chushak YG, Fritsche E, Gearhart JM, Marty MS, Mumtaz M, Pavan M, Ruiz P, Sachana M, Selvam R, Shafer TJ, Stavitskaya L, Szabo DT, Szabo ST, Tice RR, Wilson D, Woolley D, Myatt GJ. Current status and future directions for a neurotoxicity hazard assessment framework that integrates in silico approaches. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 22:100223. [PMID: 35844258 PMCID: PMC9281386 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2022.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicology is the study of adverse effects on the structure or function of the developing or mature adult nervous system following exposure to chemical, biological, or physical agents. The development of more informative alternative methods to assess developmental (DNT) and adult (NT) neurotoxicity induced by xenobiotics is critically needed. The use of such alternative methods including in silico approaches that predict DNT or NT from chemical structure (e.g., statistical-based and expert rule-based systems) is ideally based on a comprehensive understanding of the relevant biological mechanisms. This paper discusses known mechanisms alongside the current state of the art in DNT/NT testing. In silico approaches available today that support the assessment of neurotoxicity based on knowledge of chemical structure are reviewed, and a conceptual framework for the integration of in silico methods with experimental information is presented. Establishing this framework is essential for the development of protocols, namely standardized approaches, to ensure that assessments of NT and DNT based on chemical structures are generated in a transparent, consistent, and defendable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Bassan
- Innovatune srl, Via Giulio Zanon 130/D, 35129 Padova,
Italy
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National
Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yaroslav G. Chushak
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military
Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental
Medicine & Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf,
Germany
| | - Jeffery M. Gearhart
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military
Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | | | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US
Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuela Pavan
- Innovatune srl, Via Giulio Zanon 130/D, 35129 Padova,
Italy
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US
Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment
Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 75775
Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Rajamani Selvam
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational
Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Timothy J. Shafer
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA
| | - Lidiya Stavitskaya
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational
Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dan Wilson
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | | | - Glenn J. Myatt
- Instem, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Corresponding author.
(G.J. Myatt)
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8
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Bassan A, Alves VM, Amberg A, Anger LT, Beilke L, Bender A, Bernal A, Cronin MT, Hsieh JH, Johnson C, Kemper R, Mumtaz M, Neilson L, Pavan M, Pointon A, Pletz J, Ruiz P, Russo DP, Sabnis Y, Sandhu R, Schaefer M, Stavitskaya L, Szabo DT, Valentin JP, Woolley D, Zwickl C, Myatt GJ. In silico approaches in organ toxicity hazard assessment: Current status and future needs for predicting heart, kidney and lung toxicities. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 20:100188. [PMID: 35721273 PMCID: PMC9205464 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The kidneys, heart and lungs are vital organ systems evaluated as part of acute or chronic toxicity assessments. New methodologies are being developed to predict these adverse effects based on in vitro and in silico approaches. This paper reviews the current state of the art in predicting these organ toxicities. It outlines the biological basis, processes and endpoints for kidney toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, respiratory irritation and sensitization as well as functional and structural cardiac toxicities. The review also covers current experimental approaches, including off-target panels from secondary pharmacology batteries. Current in silico approaches for prediction of these effects and mechanisms are described as well as obstacles to the use of in silico methods. Ultimately, a commonly accepted protocol for performing such assessment would be a valuable resource to expand the use of such approaches across different regulatory and industrial applications. However, a number of factors impede their widespread deployment including a lack of a comprehensive mechanistic understanding, limited in vitro testing approaches and limited in vivo databases suitable for modeling, a limited understanding of how to incorporate absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) considerations into the overall process, a lack of in silico models designed to predict a safe dose and an accepted framework for organizing the key characteristics of these organ toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bassan
- Innovatune srl, Via Giulio Zanon 130/D, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Vinicius M. Alves
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Alexander Amberg
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lennart T. Anger
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Lisa Beilke
- Toxicology Solutions Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andreas Bender
- AI and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United States
| | | | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | | | - Raymond Kemper
- Nuvalent, One Broadway, 14th floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Louise Neilson
- Broughton Nicotine Services, Oak Tree House, West Craven Drive, Earby, Lancashire BB18 6JZ UK
| | - Manuela Pavan
- Innovatune srl, Via Giulio Zanon 130/D, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Amy Pointon
- Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Pletz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel P. Russo
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, United States
| | - Yogesh Sabnis
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Reena Sandhu
- SafeDose Ltd., 20 Dundas Street West, Suite 921, Toronto, Ontario M5G2H1, Canada
| | - Markus Schaefer
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lidiya Stavitskaya
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | | | - David Woolley
- ForthTox Limited, PO Box 13550, Linlithgow, EH49 7YU, UK
| | - Craig Zwickl
- Transendix LLC, 1407 Moores Manor, Indianapolis, IN 46229, United States
| | - Glenn J. Myatt
- Instem, 1393 Dublin Road, Columbus, OH 43215, United States
- Corresponding author: (G.J. Myatt)
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