Temperature sensing and context-dependent thermal behavior in nematodes

Thermosensory Roles of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Other Cellular Factors in Animals

In this review, we introduce the concept of "dual thermosensing mechanisms," highlighting the functional collaboration between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that enable sophisticated cellular thermal responsiveness. GPCRs have been implicated in thermosensory processes, with recent findings identifying several candidates across species, including mammals, fruit flies, and nematodes. In many cases, these GPCRs work in conjunction with another class of thermosensors, TRP channels, offering insights into the complex mechanisms underlying thermosensory signaling. We examine how GPCRs function as thermosensors and how their signaling regulates cellular thermosensation, illustrating the complexity of thermosensory systems. Understanding these dual thermosensory mechanisms would advance our comprehension of cellular thermosensation and its regulatory pathways.

Thermosensory behaviors of the free-living life stages of Strongyloides species support parasitism in tropical environments

Soil-transmitted parasitic nematodes infect over 1 billion people worldwide and are a common source of neglected disease. Strongyloides stercoralis is a potentially fatal skin-penetrating human parasite that is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The complex life cycle of Strongyloides species is unique among human-parasitic nematodes in that it includes a single free-living generation featuring soil-dwelling, bacterivorous adults whose progeny all develop into infective larvae. The sensory behaviors that enable free-living Strongyloides adults to navigate and survive soil environments are unknown. S. stercoralis infective larvae display parasite-specific sensory-driven behaviors, including robust attraction to mammalian body heat. In contrast, the free-living model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans displays thermosensory behaviors that guide adult worms to stay within a physiologically permissive range of environmental temperatures. Do S. stercoralis and C. elegans free-living adults, which experience similar environmental stressors, display common thermal preferences? Here, we characterize the thermosensory behaviors of the free-living adults of S. stercoralis as well as those of the closely related rat parasite, Strongyloides ratti. We find that Strongyloides free-living adults are exclusively attracted to near-tropical temperatures, despite their inability to infect mammalian hosts. We further show that lifespan is shorter at higher temperatures for free-living Strongyloides adults, similar to the effect of temperature on C. elegans lifespan. However, we also find that the reproductive potential of the free-living life stage is enhanced at warmer temperatures, particularly for S. stercoralis. Together, our results reveal a novel role for thermotaxis to maximize the infectious capacity of obligate parasites and provide insight into the biological adaptations that may contribute to their endemicity in tropical climates.

Thermosensory behaviors of the free-living life stages of Strongyloides species support parasitism in tropical environments

Soil-transmitted parasitic nematodes infect over 1 billion people worldwide and are a common source of neglected disease. Strongyloides stercoralis is a potentially fatal skin-penetrating human parasite that is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The complex life cycle of Strongyloides species is unique among human-parasitic nematodes in that it includes a single free-living generation featuring soil-dwelling, bacterivorous adults whose progeny all develop into infective larvae. The sensory behaviors that enable free-living Strongyloides adults to navigate and survive soil environments are unknown. S. stercoralis infective larvae display parasite-specific sensory-driven behaviors, including robust attraction to mammalian body heat. In contrast, the free-living model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans displays thermosensory behaviors that guide adult worms to stay within a physiologically permissive range of environmental temperatures. Do S. stercoralis and C. elegans free-living adults, which experience similar environmental stressors, display common thermal preferences? Here, we characterize the thermosensory behaviors of the free-living adults of S. stercoralis as well as those of the closely related rat parasite, Strongyloides ratti. We find that Strongyloides free-living adults are exclusively attracted to near-tropical temperatures, despite their inability to infect mammalian hosts. We further show that lifespan is shorter at higher temperatures for free-living Strongyloides adults, similar to the effect of temperature on C. elegans lifespan. However, we also find that the reproductive potential of the free-living life stage is enhanced at warmer temperatures, particularly for S. stercoralis. Together, our results reveal a novel role for thermotaxis to maximize the infectious capacity of obligate parasites and provide insight into the biological adaptations that may contribute to their endemicity in tropical climates.

An integrative temperature-controlled microfluidic system for budding yeast heat shock response analysis at the single-cell level

Cells can respond and adapt to complex forms of environmental change. Budding yeast is widely used as a model system for these stress response studies. In these studies, the precise control of the environment with high temporal resolution is most important. However, there is a lack of single-cell research platforms that enable precise control of the temperature and form of cell growth. This has hindered our understanding of cellular coping strategies in the face of diverse forms of temperature change. Here, we developed a novel temperature-controlled microfluidic platform that integrates a microheater (using liquid metal) and a thermocouple (liquid metal vs. conductive PDMS) on a chip. Three forms of temperature changes (step, gradient, and periodical oscillations) were realized by automated equipment. The platform has the advantages of low cost and a simple fabrication process. Moreover, we investigated the nuclear entry and exit behaviors of the transcription factor Msn2 in yeast in response to heat stress (37 °C) with different heating modes. The feasibility of this temperature-controlled platform for studying the protein dynamic behavior of yeast cells was demonstrated.

Regulatory mechanism of cold-inducible diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans

Temperature is a critical environmental cue that controls the development and lifespan of many animal species; however, mechanisms underlying low-temperature adaptation are poorly understood. Here, we describe cold-inducible diapause (CID), another type of diapause induced by low temperatures in Caenorhabditis elegans. A premature stop codon in heat shock factor 1 (hsf-1) triggers entry into CID at 9 °C, whereas wild-type animals enter CID at 4 °C. Furthermore, both wild-type and hsf-1(sy441) mutant animals undergoing CID can survive for weeks, and resume growth at 20 °C. Using epistasis analysis, we demonstrate that neural signalling pathways, namely tyraminergic and neuromedin U signalling, regulate entry into CID of the hsf-1 mutant. Overexpression of anti-ageing genes, such as hsf-1, XBP1/xbp-1, FOXO/daf-16, Nrf2/skn-1, and TFEB/hlh-30, also inhibits CID entry of the hsf-1 mutant. Based on these findings, we hypothesise that regulators of the hsf-1 mutant CID may impact longevity, and successfully isolate 16 long-lived mutants among 49 non-CID mutants via genetic screening. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nonsense mutation of MED23/sur-2 prevents CID entry of the hsf-1(sy441) mutant and extends lifespan. Thus, CID is a powerful model to investigate neural networks involving cold acclimation and to explore new ageing mechanisms.

Multisite regulation integrates multimodal context in sensory circuits to control persistent behavioral states in C. elegans

Maintaining or shifting between behavioral states according to context is essential for animals to implement fitness-promoting strategies. How the integration of internal state, past experience and sensory inputs orchestrates persistent multidimensional behavioral changes remains poorly understood. Here, we show that C. elegans integrates environmental temperature and food availability over different timescales to engage in persistent dwelling, scanning, global or glocal search strategies matching thermoregulatory and feeding needs. Transition between states, in each case, involves regulating multiple processes including AFD or FLP tonic sensory neurons activity, neuropeptide expression and downstream circuit responsiveness. State-specific FLP-6 or FLP-5 neuropeptide signaling acts on a distributed set of inhibitory GPCR(s) to promote scanning or glocal search, respectively, bypassing dopamine and glutamate-dependent behavioral state control. Integration of multimodal context via multisite regulation in sensory circuits might represent a conserved regulatory logic for a flexible prioritization on the valence of multiple inputs when operating persistent behavioral state transitions.

Tire components, age and temperature accelerate neurodegeneration in C. elegans models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease

Increasingly, traffic-related air pollution is linked with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. The molecular pathways underlying the epidemiologic observations are unknown. In this study, models of neurodegenerative disorders in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were used to investigate effects of the tire wear component nano silica. Life span-resolved exposition of reporter strain GRU102 that expresses the Alzheimer's peptide amyloid beta_1-42 with silica nanoparticles significantly reduced locomotory fitness in middle-aged nematodes. A specific vulnerability of 10-day-old nematodes was identified in GRU102 cultivated at ambient temperatures of 15 and 20 °C. Reduction of locomotory fitness was corroborated in the Parkinson's disease model BZ555. Nano silica from different sources, including genuine tire components, accelerated the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in BZ555 nematodes. Dendritic beading was observed in single PDE neurons along the lateral side of the posterior body. In both, the Alzheimer's disease model GRU102 and the Parkinson's disease model BZ555 increased age and the non-chemical exposome factor temperature aggravated nano silica-induced neurodegeneration. Middle-aged cohorts were defined as the most vulnerable age-group. The results suggest C. elegans disease models as a platform to elucidate the relationships between neurodegeneration, age and the environmental factor ambient temperature after exposition with defined components of non-exhaust emissions or sampled urban aerosols.

Plasticity's role in adaptive evolution depends on environmental change components

To forecast extinction risks of natural populations under climate change and direct human impacts, an integrative understanding of both phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution is essential. To date, the evidence for whether, when, and how much plasticity facilitates adaptive responses in changing environments is contradictory. We argue that explicitly considering three key environmental change components - rate of change, variance, and temporal autocorrelation - affords a unifying framework of the impact of plasticity on adaptive evolution. These environmental components each distinctively effect evolutionary and ecological processes underpinning population viability. Using this framework, we develop expectations regarding the interplay between plasticity and adaptive evolution in natural populations. This framework has the potential to improve predictions of population viability in a changing world.

The Thermal Stress Coping Network of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Response to hyperthermia, highly conserved from bacteria to humans, involves transcriptional upregulation of genes involved in battling the cytotoxicity caused by misfolded and denatured proteins, with the aim of proteostasis restoration. C. elegans senses and responds to changes in growth temperature or noxious thermal stress by well-defined signaling pathways. Under adverse conditions, regulation of the heat shock response (HSR) in C. elegans is controlled by a single transcription factor, heat-shock factor 1 (HSF-1). HSR and HSF-1 in particular are proven to be central to survival under proteotoxic stress, with additional roles in normal physiological processes. For years, it was a common belief that upregulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) by HSF-1 was the main and most important step toward thermotolerance. However, an ever-growing number of studies have shown that targets of HSF-1 involved in cytoskeletal and exoskeletal integrity preservation as well as other HSF-1 dependent and independent pathways are equally important. In this review, we follow the thermal stimulus from reception by the nematode nerve endings till the activation of cellular response programs. We analyze the different HSF-1 functions in HSR as well as all the recently discovered mechanisms that add to the knowledge of the heat stress coping network of C. elegans.