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Kandeğer A, Boysan M, Karaoğlan G, Tekdemir R, Şen B, Tan Ö, Sağlıyan B, Selvi Y. Heterogeneity of associations between dissociation and attention deficit symptoms. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-14. [PMID: 36406851 PMCID: PMC9647769 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma and dissociative experiences are suggested to be predisposing transdiagnostic factors for attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as many psychiatric disorders. Trauma-related symptoms such as motor restlessness, emotional instability, and concentration problems can mimic, trigger, or exacerbate ADHD symptoms. Moreover, given the relationship between ADHD and trauma-induced distress, it has been suggested that dissociative experiences and attention problems may reveal overlapping characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between dissociative experiences and attention deficits by carrying out mixture analysis. A thousand and thirty-seven participants volunteered to the online investigation. Participants completed a test battery that included a sociodemographic form as well as the Adult ADHD Severity Rating Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ). Item responses on the DES and attention deficit symptoms as indexed by the ASRS were subjected to latent class analysis. The three-latent-class model outperformed alternative mixture models. Mixture analysis classified the sample into three homogenous subgroups as follows: (1) No/low dissociation or attention problems; (2) Moderate dissociation with attention problems; and (3) High dissociation with attention problems. High dissociators with attention problems were characterized by heightened scores on somatoform dissociation and emotional neglect. No/low dissociation or attention problems latent class reported significantly lower scores on hyperactivity/impulsivity, depression, attention deficit in childhood, and sexual abuse than both moderate and high dissociation latent classes. High dissociators and moderate dissociators significantly differed on conduct problems and physical abuse. We concluded that impulsive hyperactivity, depression, and childhood sexual abuse were common features in heightened dissociation latent classes, as well as attention deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kandeğer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Boysan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ankara Social Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Karaoğlan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Tekdemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Barış Şen
- Department of Psychiatry, Biga State Hospital, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Özge Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bilal Sağlıyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Selvi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Fully immersed: State absorption and electrophysiological effects of the OVO Whole-Body Perceptual Deprivation chamber. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 244:165-184. [PMID: 30732836 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Absorption, the ability to highly focus attention, as well as openness to self-altering experiences, is an important psychological construct, closely related to deep-meditation states and other altered states of consciousness. Yet, little is known about the electrophysiological profile of states of absorption, possibly due to the difficulty to induce this state in the lab. While most studies have used a visual Ganzfeld (homogeneous perceptual field), here we use a novel technique of full immersion-the OVO Whole-Body Perceptual Deprivation (OVO-WBPD) chamber, which is an altered sensory environment in the form of a human-sized egg. Consequently, the aims of the current study were to investigate whether the OVO-WBPD chamber induces state absorption, using first-person reports, as well as to examine electrophysiological change following immersion in this altered sensory environment. Fourteen participants volunteered to participate in the study. Trait absorption was measured using the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS). State absorption was assessed by analyzing the content of the subjective reports, using sub-categories of the absorption construct (e.g., synesthesia). EEG was measured before and during a 20-min OVO-WBPD experience. Using exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), we analyzed change in oscillatory EEG activity and localized the generators of the scalp EEG power spectra following the OVO-WBPD. Our results show that OVO-WBPD immersion leads to a state of absorption in all participants. We also report significant increased oscillatory activity in the delta and beta bands, in the left inferior frontal cortex, with a peak in the sub-lobar of the left insula. In addition, a positive correlation was found between change in delta activity and trait absorption. The results are discussed in light of other meditative practices and altered states of consciousness.
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Perceptual phenomena in destructured sensory fields: Probing the brain’s intrinsic functional architectures. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:265-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Glicksohn J, Berkovich-Ohana A, Mauro F, Ben-Soussan TD. Time Perception and the Experience of Time When Immersed in an Altered Sensory Environment. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:487. [PMID: 29056902 PMCID: PMC5635043 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion that exposure to a monotonous sensory environment could elicit reports indicating aberrant subjective experience and altered time perception is the impetus for the present report. Research has looked at the influence of exposure to such environments on time perception, reporting that the greater the environmental variation, the shorter is the time estimation obtained by the method of production. Most conditions for creating an altered sensory environment, however, have not facilitated an immersive experience, one that directly impacts both time perception and subjective experience. In this study, we invited our participants to enter a whole-body altered sensory environment for a 20-min session, wherein they were asked to relax without falling asleep. The session included white-colored illumination of the chamber with eyes closed (5 min), followed by 10 min of illuminating the room with color, after which a short report of subjective experience was collected using a brief questionnaire; this was followed by an additional 5 min of immersion in white light with closed eyes. The participants were then interviewed regarding their subjective experience, including their experience of time within the chamber. Prior to entering the chamber, the participants completed a time-production (TP) task. One group of participants then repeated the task within the chamber, at the end of the session; a second group of participants repeated the task after exiting the chamber. We shall report on changes in TP, and present data indicating that when produced time is plotted as a function of target duration, using a log-log plot, the major influence of sensory environment is on the intercept of the psychophysical function. We shall further present data indicating that for those participants reporting a marked change in time experience, such as "the sensation of time disappeared," their TP data could not be linearized using a log-log plot, hence indicating that for these individuals there might be a "break" in the psychophysical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Glicksohn
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aviva Berkovich-Ohana
- The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Federica Mauro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tal D. Ben-Soussan
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation for Development and Communication, Assisi, Italy
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Varga K, Kekecs Z, Myhre PS, Józsa E. A Neutral Control Condition for Hypnosis Experiments: "Wiki" Text. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2017; 65:429-451. [PMID: 28836922 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2017.1348833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new control condition called Wiki is introduced. Key themes of each test suggestion of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C, were matched by a corresponding extract from Wikipedia.org. The authors compared phenomenological reports of participants across 4 conditions: hypnosis split into high and low hypnotizable subgroups, music, and Wiki condition, using the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory. High hypnotizables undergoing hypnosis reported higher altered experience and altered states of awareness than individuals in the Wiki condition, supporting the authors' hypothesis that the Wiki condition does not evoke an altered state of consciousness (internal dialogue, volitional control, and self-awareness did not differ). Wiki might be a viable control condition in hypnosis research given further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Varga
- a Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kekecs
- b Patient Safety and Translational Research Centre , Imperial College London , UK
| | - P S Myhre
- a Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Emese Józsa
- a Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
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Terhune DB, Cardeña E. Nuances and Uncertainties Regarding Hypnotic Inductions: Toward a Theoretically Informed Praxis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2016; 59:155-74. [PMID: 27586045 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2016.1201454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although most definitions of hypnosis consider inductions as the initial stage in a hypnosis protocol, knowledge of inductions remains poor and uninformed by recent developments in theory and research. It is frequently argued that inductions play a critical role in hypnotic responding or, by contrast, are largely interchangeable and unimportant. Drawing on the literature on suggestibility, spontaneous phenomenology, neurophysiology, and cognition, this article argues that the value of inductions, as well as the potential value of inductions, is more nuanced and uncertain. Certain components of standard inductions appear to be efficacious in enhancing suggestibility, whereas others do not have any clear benefits. The impact of inductions on suggestibility seems to vary across suggestions and modes of assessment with the sources of this variability being unknown. Considering these effects, and the broader impact of inductions on spontaneous conscious states and cognition, through the lens of heterogeneity in high hypnotic suggestibility and componential models of hypnotic suggestibility may offer novel research avenues in this area. The article concludes by arguing for the practical and theory-driven optimization of inductions.
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Terhune DB, Cardeña E. Dissociative Subtypes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorders and Hypnosis. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721415604611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that heterogeneity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) arises from the presence of discrete subtypes of patients, one of which is characterized by elevated dissociative symptoms. A similar dissociative subtype has been observed among individuals displaying high hypnotic suggestibility. Here we highlight important parallels between these subtypes, drawing from research on a history of exposure to stressful life events and pathological symptomatology, cognitive functioning, hypnotic suggestibility, and functional neuroimaging and electrophysiology. Further clarification of these parallels can help elucidate the developmental paths and neurocognitive basis of heterogeneity in PTSD and high hypnotic suggestibility and refine the understanding and treatment of different subtypes of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Blair Terhune
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London
| | - Etzel Cardeña
- Center for Research on Consciousness and Anomalous Psychology, Department of Psychology, Lund University
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Terhune DB, Cardeña E. Heterogeneity in high hypnotic suggestibility and the neurophysiology of hypnosis. Neurophysiol Clin 2014; 45:177-8. [PMID: 25457214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D B Terhune
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - E Cardeña
- CERCAP, Department of Psychology, Lund University, Sweden
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Revisiting the association between hypnotisability and blink rate. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3763-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Brewin CR, Mersaditabari N. Experimentally-induced dissociation impairs visual memory. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:1189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ludwig V, Stelzel C, Krutiak H, Prunkl C, Steimke R, Paschke L, Kathmann N, Walter H. Impulsivity, self-control, and hypnotic suggestibility. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:637-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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