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Wong YS, Willoughby AR, Machado L. Reconceptualizing mind wandering from a switching perspective. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:357-372. [PMID: 35348846 PMCID: PMC9928802 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mind wandering is a universal phenomenon in which our attention shifts away from the task at hand toward task-unrelated thoughts. Despite it inherently involving a shift in mental set, little is known about the role of cognitive flexibility in mind wandering. In this article we consider the potential of cognitive flexibility as a mechanism for mediating and/or regulating the occurrence of mind wandering. Our review begins with a brief introduction to the prominent theories of mind wandering-the executive failure hypothesis, the decoupling hypothesis, the process-occurrence framework, and the resource-control account of sustained attention. Then, after discussing their respective merits and weaknesses, we put forward a new perspective of mind wandering focused on cognitive flexibility, which provides an account more in line with the data to date, including why older populations experience a reduction in mind wandering. After summarizing initial evidence prompting this new perspective, drawn from several mind-wandering and task-switching studies, we recommend avenues for future research aimed at further understanding the importance of cognitive flexibility in mind wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Wong
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, William James Building, 275 Leith Walk, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
- Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading Malaysia, Nusajaya, Malaysia.
| | - Adrian R Willoughby
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading Malaysia, Nusajaya, Malaysia
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, William James Building, 275 Leith Walk, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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NISHIYAMA S, SAITO S. TRANSFERABLE INHIBITION OF DIRECT SUPPRESSION: EVIDENCE FROM A DOT-PROBE TASK. PSYCHOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2020-a112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cortical network underlying audiovisual semantic integration and modulation of attention: An fMRI and graph-based study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221185. [PMID: 31442242 PMCID: PMC6707554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies have suggested that semantic integration as a high-level cognitive process involves various cortical regions and is modulated by attention. However, the cortical network specific to semantic integration and the modulatory mechanism of attention remain unclear. Here, we designed an fMRI experiment using “bimodal stimulus” to extract information regarding the cortical activation related to the effects of semantic integration with and without attention, and then analyzed the characteristics of the cortical network and the modulating effect of attention on semantic integration. To further investigate the related cortical regions, we constructed a functional brain network for processing attended AV stimuli to evaluate the nodal properties using a graph-based method. The results of the fMRI and graph-based analyses showed that the semantic integration with attention activated the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), and frontoparietal cortex, with the ATL showing the highest nodal degree and efficiency; in contrast, semantic integration without attention involved a relatively small cortical network, including the posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG), Heschl’s gyrus (HG), and precentral gyrus. These results indicated that semantic integration is a complex cognitive process that occurs not only in the attended condition but also in the unattended condition, and that attention could modulate the distribution of cortical networks related to semantic integration. We suggest that semantic integration with attention is a conscious process and needs a wide cortical network working together, in which the ATL plays the role of a central hub; in contrast, semantic integration without attention is a pre-attentive process and involves a relatively smaller cortical network, in which the HG may play an important role. Our study will provide valuable insights into semantic integration and will be useful for investigations on multisensory integration and attention mechanism at multiple processing stages and levels within the cortical hierarchy.
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Salvador A, Berkovitch L, Vinckier F, Cohen L, Naccache L, Dehaene S, Gaillard R. Unconscious memory suppression. Cognition 2018; 180:191-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Salvador
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'école de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CPN U894, Institut de Psychiatrie GDR 3557 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Berkovitch
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Vinckier
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'école de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CPN U894, Institut de Psychiatrie GDR 3557 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France; Motivation, Brain and Behavior Lab, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Laurent Cohen
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France; Assistant Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Department of Neurology, 47 Bld de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Lionel Naccache
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France; Assistant Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Department of Neurology, 47 Bld de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France; Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'école de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CPN U894, Institut de Psychiatrie GDR 3557 Paris, France.
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Hoogeveen HR, Jolij J, ter Horst GJ, Lorist MM. Brain Potentials Highlight Stronger Implicit Food Memory for Taste than Health and Context Associations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154128. [PMID: 27213567 PMCID: PMC4877055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly consumption of healthy foods is advised to improve population health. Reasons people give for choosing one food over another suggest that non-sensory features like health aspects are appreciated as of lower importance than taste. However, many food choices are made in the absence of the actual perception of a food's sensory properties, and therefore highly rely on previous experiences of similar consumptions stored in memory. In this study we assessed the differential strength of food associations implicitly stored in memory, using an associative priming paradigm. Participants (N = 30) were exposed to a forced-choice picture-categorization task, in which the food or non-food target images were primed with either non-sensory or sensory related words. We observed a smaller N400 amplitude at the parietal electrodes when categorizing food as compared to non-food images. While this effect was enhanced by the presentation of a food-related word prime during food trials, the primes had no effect in the non-food trials. More specifically, we found that sensory associations are stronger implicitly represented in memory as compared to non-sensory associations. Thus, this study highlights the neuronal mechanisms underlying previous observations that sensory associations are important features of food memory, and therefore a primary motive in food choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen R. Hoogeveen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob Jolij
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J. ter Horst
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monicque M. Lorist
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands
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González-García C, Tudela P, Ruz M. Unconscious biases in task choices depend on conscious expectations. Conscious Cogn 2015; 37:44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kuo CY, Yeh YY. Reset a task set after five minutes of mindfulness practice. Conscious Cogn 2015; 35:98-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Klapp ST. One version of direct response priming requires automatization of the relevant associations but not awareness of the prime. Conscious Cogn 2015; 34:163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lasaponara S, Dragone A, Lecce F, Di Russo F, Doricchi F. The "serendipitous brain": Low expectancy and timing uncertainty of conscious events improve awareness of unconscious ones (evidence from the Attentional Blink). Cortex 2015; 71:15-33. [PMID: 26142182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To anticipate upcoming sensory events, the brain picks-up and exploits statistical regularities in the sensory environment. However, it is untested whether cumulated predictive knowledge about consciously seen stimuli improves the access to awareness of stimuli that usually go unseen. To explore this issue, we exploited the Attentional Blink (AB) effect, where conscious processing of a first visual target (T1) hinders detection of early following targets (T2). We report that timing uncertainty and low expectancy about the occurrence of consciously seen T2s presented outside the AB period, improve detection of early and otherwise often unseen T2s presented inside the AB. Recording of high-resolution Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and the study of their intracranial sources showed that the brain achieves this improvement by initially amplifying and extending the pre-conscious storage of T2s' traces signalled by the N2 wave originating in the extra-striate cortex. This enhancement in the N2 wave is followed by specific changes in the latency and amplitude of later components in the P3 wave (P3a and P3b), signalling access of the sensory trace to the network of parietal and frontal areas modulating conscious processing. These findings show that the interaction between conscious and unconscious processing changes adaptively as a function of the probabilistic properties of the sensory environment and that the combination of an active attentional state with loose probabilistic and temporal expectancies on forthcoming conscious events favors the emergence to awareness of otherwise unnoticed visual events. This likely provides an insight on the attentional conditions that predispose an active observer to unexpected "serendipitous" findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lasaponara
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Dragone
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Lecce
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie, Umane e della Salute, Università "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
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Semantic priming revealed by mouse movement trajectories. Conscious Cogn 2014; 27:42-52. [PMID: 24797040 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Congruency effects are taken as evidence that semantic information can be processed automatically. However, these effects are often weak, and the straightforward association between primes and targets can exaggerate congruency effects. To address these problems, a mouse movement method is applied to scrutinize congruency effects. In one experiment, participants judged whether two numbers were the same ("3\3") or different ("3\5"), preceded by briefly presented pictures with either positive or negative connotations. Participants indicated their responses by clicking a "Same" or "Different" button on the computer screen, while their cursor trajectories were recorded for each trial. The trajectory data revealed greater deviation to unselected buttons in incongruent trials (e.g., "3\5" preceded by a green traffic light picture). This effect was influenced by the type of responses but not by prime durations. We suggest that the mouse movement method can complement the reaction time to study masked semantic priming.
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Manly T, Fish JE, Griffiths S, Molenveld M, Zhou FA, Davis GJ. Unconscious priming of task-switching generalizes to an untrained task. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88416. [PMID: 24516655 PMCID: PMC3916426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that subliminal stimuli can influence ostensibly volitional, executive processes but it is unclear whether this is highly task-specific. To address this we used a set-switching task. Volunteers saw a word pair and reported either if both words had the same number of syllables or if both were concrete. Task selection was random and instructed by a hexagon/triangle preceding the words. A subliminally-presented square or diamond reliably preceded each of these consciously perceived instruction-shapes. Significant congruency effects were observed in a subsequent Test Phase in which primes no longer reliably predicted the task (and in which high/low tones now served as conscious instructions). The Generalization Phase required novel phonological (rhyme) or semantic (category) judgments. Remarkably, unconscious priming congruency effects carried over in those participants who had shown priming in the Test Phase, the degree correlating across the two conditions. In a final phase of the study, participants were asked to discriminate between the two originally presented prime shapes. Those participants whose discriminations were more accurate showed reduced priming relative to participants with less accurate discriminations. The results suggest that, rather than being highly task specific, priming can operate at the level of a generalizable process and that greater awareness of primes may lessen their impact on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Manly
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica E. Fish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Griffiths
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Molenveld
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fanzhi A. Zhou
- University of Cambridge Department of Experimental Psychology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Davis
- University of Cambridge Department of Experimental Psychology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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