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Feltus SR, Mastroleo NR, Carey KB, DiBello AM, Magill M, Merrill JE. Do hypothetical evaluations of alcohol related consequences change over time? Examining the influence of past and ongoing consequences. Addict Behav 2024; 154:108022. [PMID: 38564985 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite experiencing alcohol-related consequences, college students continue to drink at high rates. Hypothetical evaluations of alcohol-related consequences (i.e., evaluations of where potential/hypothetical consequences lie on a spectrum from extremely positive to extremely negative) may contribute to the maintenance of drinking patterns among students. The purpose of the present study was to describe hypothetical evaluations in a sample of students mandated to an alcohol intervention, examine changes over time, and investigate the influence of both baseline and time-varying experienced consequences. METHOD This study was a secondary data analysis from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial. Participants were 474 mandated students (Mage = 18.65; 55.5 % male, 77.6 % White). Students completed an initial baseline assessment of demographics, alcohol use, consequences, and hypothetical evaluations, and 3-month and 9-month follow-up assessments that included hypothetical evaluations and experienced consequences. RESULTS Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses revealed significant change in hypothetical evaluations over time such that they became less negative. A piecewise model demonstrated that this change happened between baseline and 3-month, with no additional change between 3-month and 9-month. The experience of consequences at baseline did not significantly moderate changes in either time interval. Time-varying consequences also had no significant effect on same-timepoint hypothetical evaluations. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine changes in hypothetical evaluations over time among mandated college students. Counter to expectations, hypothetical evaluations became less negative at 3-month follow-up. Though preliminary, findings add to the understanding of hypothetical evaluations of alcohol-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage R Feltus
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Nadine R Mastroleo
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
| | - Kate B Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Angelo M DiBello
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies & Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Molly Magill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Muir K, Madill A, Brown C. Reflective rumination mediates the effects of neuroticism upon the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2041080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Muir
- School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Sciences, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
| | - Anna Madill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charity Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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3
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Gibbons JA, Dunlap S, Friedmann E, Dayton C, Rocha G. The Fading Affect Bias is Disrupted by False Memories in Two Diary Studies of Social Media Events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Gibbons
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Spencer Dunlap
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Emma Friedmann
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Clare Dayton
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Gabriela Rocha
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
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A Fading Affect Bias First: Specific Healthy Coping with Partner-Esteem for Romantic Relationship and Non-Relationship Events. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910121. [PMID: 34639423 PMCID: PMC8508288 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Fading Affect Bias (FAB) is the faster fading of unpleasant affect than pleasant affect. Research suggests that the FAB is an indicator of general healthy coping, but it has not shown consistent specific healthy coping via differential relations of the FAB to individual differences across event types. Although previous research did not find specific healthy coping for the FAB across romantic relationship events, these researchers did not include non-relationship control events. Therefore, we examined the relation of the FAB to various relationship variables across romantic relationship events and non-relationship control events. We found general healthy coping in the form of robust FAB effects across both event types and expected relations between relationship variables and the FAB. We also found three significant three-way interactions with the FAB showing specific healthy coping for partner-esteem, which is novel for the FAB. Rehearsal ratings mediated all the three-way interactions.
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Gibbons JA, Rollins L. Rehearsal and Event Age Predict the Fading Affect Bias across Young Adults and Elderly in Self-Defining and Everyday Autobiographical Memories. Exp Aging Res 2021; 47:232-261. [PMID: 33563146 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2021.1882026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The faster fading of unpleasant affect than pleasant affect is known as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB). The FAB generalizes across cultures and event types, it is positively related to rehearsals and healthy outcomes, and it is negatively related to unhealthy outcomes. Experiment 1 Objective, Sample/Population, and Method: We examined the importance of different rehearsal types for the FAB across self-defining and everyday events in 58 college age participants using a self-guided questionnaire procedure in Experiment 1. Experiment 1 Results: We found robust FAB effects across event types, FAB increased with both event age and event sharing (number of people), and rehearsals mediated these relations. Moreover, event sharing and talking about the event combined to predict the FAB. Experiment 2 Objective, Sample/Population, and Method: In Experiment 2, we used the self-guided questionnaire procedure from Experiment 1 for 31 college students and 12 elderly participants 68 to 84 years old, as well as an interview procedure with 13 elderly participants 68 to 94 years old. Experiment 2 Results: We combined the elderly data because both groups showed similar FAB patterns. We found robust FAB effects across both event types, the FAB increased with event age and participant age, and it increased with talking rehearsals. Conclusions: The results extend the FAB to self-defining events and the elderly, they emphasize the importance of various rehearsal types, and they are in line with FAB research, age research, and research on several emotion regulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gibbons
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia, USA
| | - Leslie Rollins
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia, USA
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6
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Gibbons JA, Dunlap SM, LeRoy S, Thomas T. Conservatism positively predicted fading affect bias in the 2016
US
presidential election at low, but not high, levels of negative affect. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taylor Thomas
- Christopher Newport University Newport News Virginia
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7
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Gibbons JA, Bouldin B. Videogame play and events are related to unhealthy emotion regulation in the form of low fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Conscious Cogn 2019; 74:102778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cannabis-associated impairments in the fading affect bias and autobiographical memory specificity. Conscious Cogn 2019; 74:102792. [PMID: 31349209 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated potential relationships between cannabis use and 2 phenomena associated with autobiographical remembering: the fading affect bias (FAB) and memory specificity. The FAB is an emotional affect regulation mechanism that is observed when the intensity of affect associated with experiencing negative memories fades faster than the intensity of affect associated with experiencing positive memories. Memory specificity refers to the level of detail with which events are recalled. No studies have examined the relationships between cannabis use, the FAB, and memory specificity simultaneously. Chronic cannabis users (N = 47) and non-users (N = 52) recalled and described positive and negative autobiographical events and rated the affective intensity for the events at the time of occurrence and at time of test. Participants retrieved additional memories using a sentence-completion recall task, which were coded for specificity. Cannabis users showed reduced fading affect for unpleasant events and reduced memory specificity compared to non-users.
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Gibbons JA, Lee SA. Rehearsal partially mediates the negative relations of the fading affect bias with depression, anxiety, and stress. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Gibbons
- Department of PsychologyChristopher Newport University Virginia Newport News USA
| | - Sherman A. Lee
- Department of PsychologyChristopher Newport University Virginia Newport News USA
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10
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Zengel B, Lee EM, Walker WR, Skowronski JJ. Romantic relationships and fading of affect for memories of the shared past. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zengel
- Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Southampton Southampton UK
| | | | | | - John J. Skowronski
- Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual AssaultNorthern Illinois University DeKalb USA
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11
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Gibbons JA, Lee SA, Fehr AMA, Wilson KJ, Marshall TR. Grief and Avoidant Death Attitudes Combine to Predict the Fading Affect Bias. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1736. [PMID: 30104526 PMCID: PMC6121466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fading affect bias (FAB) occurs when unpleasant affect fades faster than pleasant affect. To detect mechanisms that influence the FAB in the context of death, we measured neuroticism, depression, anxiety, negative religious coping, death attitudes, and complicated grief as potential predictors of FAB for unpleasant/death and pleasant events at 2 points in time. The FAB was robust across older and newer events, which supported the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Unexpectedly, complicated grief positively predicted FAB, and death avoidant attitudes moderated this relation, such that the Initial Event Affect by Grief interaction was only significant at the highest 3 quintiles of death avoidant attitudes. These results were likely due to moderate grief ratings, which were, along with avoidant death attitudes, related to healthy outcomes in past research. These results implicate complicated grief and death avoidant attitudes as resiliency mechanisms that are mobilized during bereavement to minimize its unpleasant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gibbons
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
| | - Sherman A Lee
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
| | - Ashley M A Fehr
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Kalli J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
| | - Timothy R Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
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Ritchie TD, Kitsch KS, Dromey M, Skowronski JJ. Individuals who report eating disorder symptoms also exhibit a disrupted fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Memory 2018; 27:239-249. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1502321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Rollins L, Gibbons JA, Cloude EB. Affective change greater for unpleasant than pleasant events in autobiographical memory of children and adults: A retrospective study. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørby
- Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Gibbons JA, Horowitz KA, Dunlap SM. The fading affect bias shows positive outcomes at the general but not the individual level of analysis in the context of social media. Conscious Cogn 2017. [PMID: 28622585 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Unpleasant affect fades faster than pleasant affect (e.g., Walker, Vogl, & Thompson, 1997); this effect is referred to as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB; Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003a). Research shows that the FAB is consistently related to positive/healthy outcomes at a general but not at a specific level of analysis based on event types and individual differences (e.g., Gibbons et al., 2013). Based on the positive outcomes for FAB and negative outcomes for social media (Bolton et al., 2013; Huang, 2010), the current study examined FAB in the context of social media events along with related individual differences. General positive outcomes were shown in the form of robust FAB effects across social media and non-social media events, a larger FAB for non-social media events than for social media events, negative correlations of FAB with depression, anxiety, and stress as well as a positive correlation of FAB with self-esteem. However, the lack of a negative correlation between FAB and anxiety for social media events in a 3-way interaction did not show positive outcomes at a specific level of analysis. Rehearsal ratings mediated the 3-way interaction. Implications are discussed.
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Gibbons JA, Rollins L. Assessing the Initial Pleasantness for Fading Affect, Fixed Affect, Flourishing Affect, and Flexible Affect Events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie Rollins
- 1051 Forbes Hall; Christopher Newport University; Newport News USA
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Gibbons JA, Fehr AMA, Brantley JC, Wilson KJ, Lee SA, Walker WR. Testing the fading affect bias for healthy coping in the context of death. DEATH STUDIES 2016; 40:513-527. [PMID: 27261212 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2016.1186760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Affect fades faster for unpleasant events than for pleasant events (e.g., Walker, Vogl, & Thompson, 1997 ), which is referred to as the fading affect bias (FAB; Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003 ). Although research has generally shown that the FAB is a healthy coping mechanism, this same finding has not been demonstrated at a specific level of analysis accounting for particular event types and related individual differences (e.g., Gibbons et al., 2013 ). Given the strong unpleasant emotions associated with death (Rask, Kaunonen, & Paunonen-Ilmonen, 2002 ), the current study examined FAB in the context of death events and participant attitudes toward death. General healthy coping was shown by robust FAB across death and control (i.e., everyday) events and by a negative correlation between negative religious coping and FAB. Although healthy coping at a specific level of analysis was supported by increased FAB for participants who held accepting attitudes toward death when they recalled everyday events, it was not supported by decreased FAB for the same participants when they recalled death events. This effect was mediated by rehearsal ratings, not depression. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gibbons
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - Ashley M A Fehr
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - J Claire Brantley
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - Kalli J Wilson
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - Sherman A Lee
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - W Richard Walker
- b Department of Psychology , Winston Salem State University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina , USA
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Muir K, Madill A, Brown C. Individual differences in emotional processing and autobiographical memory: interoceptive awareness and alexithymia in the fading affect bias. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1392-1404. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1225005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Muir
- Faculty of Business and Law, Centre for the Study of Behaviour Change and Influence, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna Madill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charity Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Lindeman MIH, Zengel B, Skowronski JJ. An exploration of the relationship among valence, fading affect, rehearsal frequency, and memory vividness for past personal events. Memory 2016; 25:724-735. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gibbons JA, Hartzler JK, Hartzler AW, Lee SA, Walker WR. The Fading Affect Bias shows healthy coping at the general level, but not the specific level for religious variables across religious and non-religious events. Conscious Cogn 2015. [PMID: 26196449 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The research on fading emotions has shown that unpleasant emotions fade more over time than pleasant emotions, which is a phenomenon referred to as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB). Based on the negative relation between the FAB and dysphoria (Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003), some researchers have argued that the FAB is a healthy coping mechanism (Walker, Skowronski, & Thompson, 2003). As religious variables are related to positive emotions and emotional coping (e.g., Cohen, 2002; Pargament, Smith, Koenig, & Perez, 1998), we examined the FAB as a healthy coping mechanism at the general and specific levels of analysis in the context of religion. General healthy coping was supported by (1) FAB effects across both religious events (REs) and non-religious events (NREs) and (2) a positive relation for spirituality and the FAB. However, specific healthy coping was not supported by a small FAB for (1) REs at high levels of positive religious coping (PRC) for NREs, (2) NREs at low levels of PRC for NREs, and (3) purely REs relative to REs involving spirituality. Other implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - W Richard Walker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Colorado State University at Pueblo Pueblo, CO 81001, United States.
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Ritchie TD, Walker WR, Marsh S, Hart C, Skowronski JJ. Narcissism Distorts the Fading Affect Bias in Autobiographical Memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Richard Walker
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Winston-Salem State University; Winston-Salem USA
| | - Shawnda Marsh
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Winston-Salem State University; Winston-Salem USA
| | - Claire Hart
- School of Psychology; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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Ritchie TD, Batteson TJ, Bohn A, Crawford MT, Ferguson GV, Schrauf RW, Vogl RJ, Walker WR. A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Memory 2014; 23:278-90. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.884138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Ritchie TD, Skowronski JJ, Cadogan S, Sedikides C. Affective Responses to Self-Defining Autobiographical Events. SELF AND IDENTITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2013.863222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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