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Broadbent P, Schoth DE, Liossi C. Association between attentional bias to experimentally induced pain and to pain-related words in healthy individuals: the moderating role of interpretation bias. Pain 2022; 163:319-333. [PMID: 34086628 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Attentional bias to pain-related information may contribute to chronic pain maintenance. It is theoretically predicted that attentional bias to pain-related language derives from attentional bias to painful sensations; however, the complex interconnection between these types of attentional bias has not yet been tested. This study aimed to investigate the association between attentional bias to pain words and attentional bias to the location of pain, as well as the moderating role of pain-related interpretation bias in this association. Fifty-four healthy individuals performed a visual probe task with pain-related and neutral words, during which eye movements were tracked. In a subset of trials, participants were presented with a cold pain stimulus on one hand. Pain-related interpretation and memory biases were also assessed. Attentional bias to pain words and attentional bias to the pain location were not significantly correlated, although the association was significantly moderated by interpretation bias. A combination of pain-related interpretation bias and attentional bias to painful sensations was associated with avoidance of pain words. In addition, first fixation durations on pain words were longer when the pain word and cold pain stimulus were presented on the same side of the body, as compared to on opposite sides. This indicates that congruency between the locations of pain and pain-related information may strengthen attentional bias. Overall, these findings indicate that cognitive biases to pain-related information interact with cognitive biases to somatosensory information. The implications of these findings for attentional bias modification interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Liossi
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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2
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De Paepe AL, Legrain V, Van der Biest L, Hollevoet N, Van Tongel A, De Wilde L, Jacobs H, Crombez G. An investigation of perceptual biases in complex regional pain syndrome. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8819. [PMID: 32274265 PMCID: PMC7130113 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) report cognitive difficulties, affecting the ability to represent, perceive and use their affected limb. Moseley, Gallace & Spence (2009) observed that CRPS patients tend to bias the perception of tactile stimulation away from the pathological limb. Interestingly, this bias was reversed when CRPS patients were asked to cross their arms, implying that this bias is embedded in a complex representation of the body that takes into account the position of body-parts. Other studies have failed to replicate this finding (Filbrich et al., 2017) or have even found a bias in the opposite direction (Sumitani et al., 2007). Moreover, perceptual biases in CRPS patients have not often been compared to these of other chronic pain patients. Chronic pain patients are often characterized by an excessive focus of attention for bodily sensations. We might therefore expect that non-CRPS pain patients would show a bias towards instead of away from their affected limb. The aim of this study was to replicate the study of Moseley, Gallace & Spence (2009) and to extend it by comparing perceptual biases in a CRPS group with two non-CRPS pain control groups (i.e., chronic unilateral wrist and shoulder pain patients). In a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task, participants reported which of two tactile stimuli, one applied to either hand at various intervals, was perceived as occurring first. TOJs were made, either with the arms in a normal (uncrossed) position, or with the arms crossed over the body midline. We found no consistent perceptual biases in either of the patient groups and in either of the conditions (crossed/uncrossed). Individual differences were large and might, at least partly, be explained by other variables, such as pain duration and temperature differences between the pathological and non-pathological hand. Additional studies need to take these variables into account by, for example, comparing biases in CRPS (and non-CRPS) patients in an acute versus a chronic pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick L. De Paepe
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valéry Legrain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Van der Biest
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadine Hollevoet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Van Tongel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Wilde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herlinde Jacobs
- Unit of Physical Medicine, AZ Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Nobusako S, Tsujimoto T, Sakai A, Shuto T, Furukawa E, Osumi M, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. Manual Dexterity is not Related to Media Viewing but is Related to Perceptual Bias in School-Age Children. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020100. [PMID: 32069947 PMCID: PMC7071373 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the media can have both negative and positive effects on children’s cognitive and motor functions, its influence on their perceptual bias and manual dexterity is unclear. Thus, we investigated the association between media viewing time, media preference level, perceptual bias, and manual dexterity in 100 school-aged children. Questionnaires completed by children and their parents were used to ascertain media viewing time and preference levels. Perceptual bias and manual dexterity were measured using the visual-tactile temporal order judgment task and Movement Assessment Battery for Children—2nd edition, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between age and media viewing time and between media viewing time and media preference level. There was also a significant negative correlation between visual bias and manual dexterity. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that increasing visual bias was a significant predictor of decreasing manual dexterity. Further, children with low manual dexterity showed significant visual bias compared to those with high manual dexterity, when matched for age and gender. The present results demonstrated that, in school-aged children, although viewing media was not associated with perceptual bias and manual dexterity, there was a significant association between perceptual bias and manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-745-54-1601
| | - Taeko Tsujimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nishide Clinic, Osaka 532-0002, Japan
| | - Ayami Sakai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Higashi Osaka Yamaji Hospital, Osaka 578-0925, Japan
| | - Takashi Shuto
- Department of Home-Visit Rehabilitation, Ishida Clinic, Osaka 592-0002, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
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Rösler L, Gamer M. Freezing of gaze during action preparation under threat imminence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17215. [PMID: 31748589 PMCID: PMC6868270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When confronted with threatening stimuli, animals typically respond with freezing behavior characterized by reduced movement and heart rate deceleration. Freezing-like responses during threat anticipation have also been observed in humans and are associated with anxiety. Recent evidence yet suggests that freezing does not necessarily reflect helpless immobility but can also aid the preparation of a threat escape. To investigate which further behavioral responses human freezing encompasses, we presented 50 young adults (10 male) with aversive stimuli that could sometimes be avoided while measuring gaze, cardiovascular and electrodermal activity. In trials in which the threat could be escaped, participants displayed reduced heart rate, increased electrodermal activity and reduced visual exploration. Furthermore, heart rate deceleration and restricted visual exploration predicted the speed of flight responses. These results provide evidence for freezing behavior in measures of visual exploration and suggest that such responding is adaptive in preparing the subsequent escape of approaching threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rösler
- Department of Psychology, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Tünnermann J, Scharlau I. Poking Left To Be Right? A Model-Based Analysis of Temporal Order Judged by Mice. Adv Cogn Psychol 2018; 14:39-50. [PMID: 32676131 PMCID: PMC7354420 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The theory of visual attention (TVTVA) provides a formal framework for the assessment of visual attention and related processes. Its center is a mathematical model of visual encoding processes and discretely defined components of attention. Building on this model, TVTVA offers quantitative and process-related explanations for a variety of phenomena in the domain of visual attention. Because the theory relies on very general assumptions which might hold true for other domains of sensory processing, we tested its possible explanatory value for tactile processing in mice. Reanalyzing published data of temporal-order judgments by mice, we show how a TVTVA-based analysis identifies the processes which drive observable behavior and that it comes to conclusions quite different from those of conventional analyses of temporal-order judgments. According to this analysis, despite the same overall capacity dedicated to the task, some mice assume attentional biases toward one side, possibly to optimize their overall performance. We suggest that TVTVA's concepts provide a powerful point of vantage to find explanations for observable behavior where conventional analysis easily leads to dead ends.
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No perceptual prioritization of non-nociceptive vibrotactile and visual stimuli presented on a sensitized body part. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5359. [PMID: 29599492 PMCID: PMC5876401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency electrical conditioning stimulation (HFS) is an experimental method to induce increased mechanical pinprick sensitivity in the unconditioned surrounding skin (secondary hyperalgesia). Secondary hyperalgesia is thought to be the result of central sensitization, i.e. increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system. Vibrotactile and visual stimuli presented in the area of secondary hyperalgesia also elicit enhanced brain responses, a finding that cannot be explained by central sensitization as it is currently defined. HFS may recruit attentional processes, which in turn affect the processing of all stimuli. In this study we have investigated whether HFS induces perceptual biases towards stimuli presented onto the sensitized arm by using Temporal Order Judgment (TOJ) tasks. In TOJ tasks, stimuli are presented in rapid succession on either arm, and participants have to indicate their perceived order. In case of a perceptual bias, the stimuli presented on the attended side are systematically reported as occurring first. Participants performed a tactile and a visual TOJ task before and after HFS. Analyses of participants' performance did not reveal any prioritization of the visual and tactile stimuli presented onto the sensitized arm. Our results provide therefore no evidence for a perceptual bias towards tactile and visual stimuli presented onto the sensitized arm.
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Schmidt K, Gamer M, Forkmann K, Bingel U. Pain Affects Visual Orientation: an Eye-Tracking Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:135-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Clauwaert A, Torta DM, Danneels L, Van Damme S. Attentional Modulation of Somatosensory Processing During the Anticipation of Movements Accompanying Pain: An Event-Related Potential Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Van Damme S, Vanden Bulcke C, Van Den Berghe L, Poppe L, Crombez G. Do patients with chronic unilateral orofacial pain due to a temporomandibular disorder show increased attending to somatosensory input at the painful side of the jaw? PeerJ 2018; 6:e4310. [PMID: 29379693 PMCID: PMC5786881 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic orofacial pain due to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) display alterations in somatosensory processing at the jaw, such as amplified perception of tactile stimuli, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated one possible explanation, namely hypervigilance, and tested if TMD patients with unilateral pain showed increased attending to somatosensory input at the painful side of the jaw. METHODS TMD patients with chronic unilateral orofacial pain (n = 20) and matched healthy volunteers (n = 20) performed a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task indicated which one of two tactile stimuli, presented on each side of the jaw, they had perceived first. TOJ methodology allows examining spatial bias in somatosensory processing speed. Furthermore, after each block of trials, the participants rated the perceived intensity of tactile stimuli separately for both sides of the jaw. Finally, questionnaires assessing pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance beliefs, and pain vigilance, were completed. RESULTS TMD patients tended to perceive tactile stimuli at the painful jaw side as occurring earlier in time than stimuli at the non-painful side but this effect did not reach conventional levels of significance (p = .07). In the control group, tactile stimuli were perceived as occurring simultaneously. Secondary analyses indicated that the magnitude of spatial bias in the TMD group is positively associated with the extent of fear-avoidance beliefs. Overall, intensity ratings of tactile stimuli were significantly higher in the TMD group than in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the painful and non-painful jaw side in the TMD patients. DISCUSSION The hypothesis that TMD patients with chronic unilateral orofacial pain preferentially attend to somatosensory information at the painful side of the jaw was not statistically supported, although lack of power could not be ruled out as a reason for this. The findings are discussed within recent theories of pain-related attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Van Damme
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Louise Poppe
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Investigating the spatial characteristics of the crossmodal interaction between nociception and vision using gaze direction. Conscious Cogn 2018; 57:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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van Laarhoven AIM, van Damme S, Lavrijsen A(SPM, van Ryckeghem DM, Crombez G, Evers AWM. Do Tonic Itch and Pain Stimuli Draw Attention towards Their Location? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2031627. [PMID: 29362709 PMCID: PMC5738626 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2031627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although itch and pain are distinct experiences, both are unpleasant, may demand attention, and interfere with daily activities. Research investigating the role of attention in tonic itch and pain stimuli, particularly whether attention is drawn to the stimulus location, is scarce. METHODS In the somatosensory attention task, fifty-three healthy participants were exposed to 35-second electrical itch or pain stimuli on either the left or right wrist. Participants responded as quickly as possible to visual targets appearing at the stimulated location (ipsilateral trials) or the arm without stimulation (contralateral trials). During control blocks, participants performed the visual task without stimulation. Attention allocation at the itch and pain location is inferred when responses are faster ipsilaterally than contralaterally. RESULTS Results did not indicate that attention was directed towards or away from the itch and pain location. Notwithstanding, participants were slower during itch and pain than during control blocks. CONCLUSIONS In contrast with our hypotheses, no indications were found for spatial attention allocation towards the somatosensory stimuli. This may relate to dynamic shifts in attention over the time course of the tonic sensations. Our secondary finding that itch and pain interfere with task performance is in-line with attention theories of bodily perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette I. M. van Laarhoven
- Health, Medical, and Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefaan van Damme
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Dimitri M. van Ryckeghem
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Research Unit INSIDE, Institute of Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Andrea W. M. Evers
- Health, Medical, and Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Paquet A, Plansont B, Labrunie A, Malauzat D, Girard M. Past Pain Experience and Experimentally induced Pain Perception. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017; 38:1013-1021. [PMID: 28766994 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1354103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many intercurrent factors may be involved in the modulation of the pain message and its expression, such as the previous experience of pain built along the life. In this study, we aimed to determine whether susceptibility to experimentally induced pain is differentially influenced by the individual previous painful experience in subjects with schizophrenia (SC) major depression (MD), and controls (C). METHODS The SC (30), MD (32) and C (30) groups participated in experimental pain tests (application of pressure and induction of ischemia) after a semi-structured interview to make an inventory of the previous painful experiences, and the evaluation of anxiety either with autonomic (heart rate, blood pressure) or psychological (Hospital Anxiety Depression scale HAD) measures, and catastrophism. RESULTS The reported pain intensities, severities, duration, of the previous pain events, and the number of previous painful events were equivalent in the three groups, except for the number of painful events experimented before the last six months which was lower in the MD group. Experimental pain sensitivity was influenced by the diagnosis, the HAD scores or the number and intensities of previous lived painful events. CONCLUSION The lack of a past experience of pain was comparable for the different groups, suggesting that psychiatric disorders do not affect the experience of pain associated with daily life or past events. For each subject, the reported previous experience of pain influences the present feeling of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Paquet
- a Unité de recherche et de neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Brigitte Plansont
- a Unité de recherche et de neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Anaïs Labrunie
- b INSERM, U1094 , Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale , Limoges , France ; CHU Limoges , Centre d'Epidémiologie, de Biostatistique et de Méthodologie de la Recherche , Limoges , France
| | - Dominique Malauzat
- a Unité de recherche et de neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Murielle Girard
- a Unité de recherche et de neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
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Attentional bias to pain-relevant body locations: New methods, new challenges. Conscious Cogn 2016; 43:128-32. [PMID: 27286272 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Consciousness and Cognition, Filbrich, Torta, Vanderclausen, Azanon, and Legrain (2016) commented on a paper in which we used a tactile Temporal Order Judgment (TOJ) task to show that expecting pain on a specific body location biased attention to that location (Vanden Bulcke, Crombez, Durnez, & Van Damme, 2015). Their main criticism is that the effects are likely to reflect response bias rather than genuine attentional bias. We agree that the TOJ task used may be susceptible to response bias, and welcome the authors' methodological suggestions to control for such bias. However, we feel that certain aspects of our work are misrepresented in their paper. Most importantly, we contest their argument that our instructions made the threat location task-relevant, thereby increasing risk of response bias. Further, we reply to other methodological and theoretical issues raised by these authors.
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Filbrich L, Torta DM, Vanderclausen C, Azañón E, Legrain V. Using temporal order judgments to investigate attention bias toward pain and threat-related information. Methodological and theoretical issues. Conscious Cogn 2016; 41:135-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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