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Cole GG, Millett AC. Visual Cognition and the Science of Magic. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:56. [PMID: 37756130 PMCID: PMC10535986 DOI: 10.3390/vision7030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of authors have argued that the art of conjuring can assist the development of theories and knowledge in visual cognition and psychology more broadly. A central assumption of the so-called science of magic is that magicians possess particular insight into human cognition. In a series of experiments, we tested the Insight hypothesis by assessing three factors that magicians argue are important for a popular illusion. Participants viewed videos of a magician performing the French Drop sleight whilst gaze, motion, and muscular tension were manipulated across experiments. Contrary to what the community of conjurers state, results showed that none of these influenced the perceived success of the effect. We also found that a visual priming technique, one suggested of many and used by an eminent magician, does not influence participant responses. Overall, these findings fail to support the Insight hypothesis. We suggest that scientists of magic have erroneously imbued magicians with insights they do not possess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff G. Cole
- Centre for Brain Science, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Abbie C. Millett
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Suffolk, Ipswich IP4 1QJ, UK;
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2
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Olson JA, Cyr M, Artenie DZ, Strandberg T, Hall L, Tompkins ML, Raz A, Johansson P. Emulating future neurotechnology using magic. Conscious Cogn 2023; 107:103450. [PMID: 36566673 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in neuroscience and artificial intelligence have allowed machines to decode mental processes with growing accuracy. Neuroethicists have speculated that perfecting these technologies may result in reactions ranging from an invasion of privacy to an increase in self-understanding. Yet, evaluating these predictions is difficult given that people are poor at forecasting their reactions. To address this, we developed a paradigm using elements of performance magic to emulate future neurotechnologies. We led 59 participants to believe that a (sham) neurotechnological machine could infer their preferences, detect their errors, and reveal their deep-seated attitudes. The machine gave participants randomly assigned positive or negative feedback about their brain's supposed attitudes towards charity. Around 80% of participants in both groups provided rationalisations for this feedback, which shifted their attitudes in the manipulated direction but did not influence donation behaviour. Our paradigm reveals how people may respond to prospective neurotechnologies, which may inform neuroethical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Olson
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave., Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Mariève Cyr
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, 3605 De la Montagne St., Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Despina Z Artenie
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, 100 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada
| | - Thomas Strandberg
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, Box 192, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Hall
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, Box 192, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthew L Tompkins
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, Box 192, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amir Raz
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Chapman University, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Petter Johansson
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, Box 192, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Klock L, Voss M, Weichenberger M, Kathmann N, Kühn S. The Thought From the Machine: Neural Basis of Thoughts With a Coherent and Diminished Sense of Authorship. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1631-1641. [PMID: 34387697 PMCID: PMC8530403 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia who experience inserted thoughts report a diminished sense of thought authorship. Based on its elusive neural basis, this functional neuroimaging study used a novel setup to convince healthy participants that a technical device triggers thoughts in their stream of consciousness. Self-reports indicate that participants experienced their thoughts as self-generated when they believed the (fake) device was deactivated, and attributed their thoughts externally when they believed the device was activated-an experience usually only reported by patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Distinct activations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were observed: ventral mPFC activation was linked to a sense of thought authorship and dorsal mPFC activation to a diminished sense of thought authorship. This functional differentiation corresponds to research on self- and other-oriented reflection processes and on patients with schizophrenia who show abnormal mPFC activation. Results thus support the notion that the mPFC might be involved in thought authorship as well as anomalous self-experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Klock
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine and St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Weichenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Applying insights from magic to improve deception in research: The Swiss cheese model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Olson JA, Lifshitz M, Raz A, Veissière SPL. Super Placebos: A Feasibility Study Combining Contextual Factors to Promote Placebo Effects. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:644825. [PMID: 33746801 PMCID: PMC7970115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ample evidence demonstrates that placebo effects are modulated by contextual factors. Few interventions, however, attempt to combine a broad range of these factors. Here, we explore the therapeutic power of placebos by leveraging factors including social proof, positive suggestion, and social learning. This study aimed to test the feasibility of an elaborate "super placebo" intervention to reduce symptoms of various disorders in a pediatric population. Methods: In a single-arm qualitative study, participants entered an inactive MRI scanner which they were told could help their brain heal itself through the power of suggestion. The sample included 11 children (6-13 years old) diagnosed with disorders known to be receptive to placebos and suggestion (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tourette Syndrome, chronic skin picking, and migraines). The children were given positive suggestions during 2-4 placebo machine sessions over the span of approximately 1 month. We assessed open-ended treatment outcomes via recorded interviews and home visits. Results: The procedure was feasible and no adverse events occurred. Ten of the 11 parents reported improvements in their children after the intervention, ranging from minor transient changes to long-term reductions in subjective and objective symptoms (e.g., migraines and skin lesions). Discussion: These preliminary findings demonstrate the feasibility and promise of combining a broad range of contextual factors in placebo studies. Future research is needed to assess the causal effects of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Olson
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lifshitz
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Amir Raz
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
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Skalski S. Impact of placebo-related instruction on HEG biofeedback outcomes in children with ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2020; 11:383-390. [PMID: 33349043 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1861546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies to date have not revealed any differences between biofeedback (BFB) methods vs. placebo treatment in reducing ADHD symptoms. The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to assess the impact of placebo expectations on gain in hemoencephalographic (HEG) BFB. The final cohort consisted of 33 children with ADHD aged 9-14. Individuals were assigned to one of two groups (with standard active training instruction vs. placebo-related instruction) and were subjected to five HEG BFB sessions. Children with standard instruction exhibited higher growth of regional cerebral blood oxygenation during the HEG BFB session as well as better results in cognitive tests (vigilance and visual search) at the end of the experiment compared to children with placebo-related instruction. The data obtained indicate the difficulty in designing studies assessing BFB efficacy. Placebo expectation may adversely affect HEG BFB outcomes in children with ADHD.
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A psychologically based taxonomy of Magicians’ forcing Techniques: How magicians influence our choices, and how to use this to study psychological mechanisms. Conscious Cogn 2020; 86:103038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Camí J, Gomez-Marin A, Martínez LM. On the cognitive bases of illusionism. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9712. [PMID: 32904334 PMCID: PMC7453929 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive scientists have paid very little attention to magic as a distinctly human activity capable of creating situations that are considered impossible because they violate expectations and conclude with the apparent transgression of well-established cognitive and natural laws. This illusory experience of the "impossible" entails a very particular cognitive dissonance that is followed by a subjective and complex "magical experience". Here, from a perspective inspired by visual neuroscience and ecological cognition, we propose a set of seven fundamental cognitive phenomena (from attention and perception to memory and decision-making) plus a previous pre-sensory stage that magicians interfere with during the presentation of their effects. By doing so, and using as an example the deconstruction of a classic trick, we show how magic offers novel and powerful insights to study human cognition. Furthermore, live magic performances afford to do so in tasks that are more ecological and context-dependent than those usually exploited in artificial laboratory settings. We thus believe that some of the mysteries of how the brain works may be trapped in the split realities present in every magic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Camí
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Lafleur A, Soulières I, Forgeot d'Arc B. Sense of agency: Sensorimotor signals and social context are differentially weighed at implicit and explicit levels. Conscious Cogn 2020; 84:103004. [PMID: 32818928 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sense of agency (SoA) describes the experience of being the author of an action. Cue integration approaches divide SoA into an implicit level, mostly relying on prospective sensorimotor signals, and an explicit level, resulting from an integration of sensorimotor and contextual cues based on their reliability. Integration mechanisms at each level and the contribution of implicit to explicit SoA remain underspecified. In a task of movements with visual outcomes, we tested the effect of social context (contextual cue) and sensory prediction congruency (retrospective sensorimotor cue) over implicit (intentional binding) and explicit (verbal judgments) SoA. Our results suggest that prospective sensorimotor cues determine implicit SoA. At the explicit level, retrospective sensorimotor cues and contextual cues are partly integrated in an additive way, but contextual cues can also act as a heuristic if sensorimotor cues are highly unreliable. We also found no significant association between implicit and explicit SoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Lafleur
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Soulières
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada.
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10
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Olson JA, Suissa-Rocheleau L, Lifshitz M, Raz A, Veissière SPL. Tripping on nothing: placebo psychedelics and contextual factors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1371-1382. [PMID: 32144438 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Is it possible to have a psychedelic experience from a placebo alone? Most psychedelic studies find few effects in the placebo control group, yet these effects may have been obscured by the study design, setting, or analysis decisions. OBJECTIVE We examined individual variation in placebo effects in a naturalistic environment resembling a typical psychedelic party. METHODS Thirty-three students completed a single-arm study ostensibly examining how a psychedelic drug affects creativity. The 4-h study took place in a group setting with music, paintings, coloured lights, and visual projections. Participants consumed a placebo that we described as a drug resembling psilocybin, which is found in psychedelic mushrooms. To boost expectations, confederates subtly acted out the stated effects of the drug and participants were led to believe that there was no placebo control group. The participants later completed the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, which measures changes in conscious experience. RESULTS There was considerable individual variation in the placebo effects; many participants reported no changes while others showed effects with magnitudes typically associated with moderate or high doses of psilocybin. In addition, the majority (61%) of participants verbally reported some effect of the drug. Several stated that they saw the paintings on the walls "move" or "reshape" themselves, others felt "heavy… as if gravity [had] a stronger hold", and one had a "come down" before another "wave" hit her. CONCLUSION Understanding how context and expectations promote psychedelic-like effects, even without the drug, will help researchers to isolate drug effects and clinicians to maximise their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Olson
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Léah Suissa-Rocheleau
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Michael Lifshitz
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Main Quad, Building 50, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amir Raz
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Chapman University, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Samuel P L Veissière
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Culture, Mind, and Brain Lab, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
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11
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Barnhart AS, Costela FM, Martinez-Conde S, Macknik SL, Goldinger SD. Microsaccades reflect the dynamics of misdirected attention in magic. J Eye Mov Res 2019; 12:10.16910/jemr.12.6.7. [PMID: 33828753 PMCID: PMC7962680 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.12.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The methods of magicians provide powerful tools for enhancing the ecological validity of laboratory studies of attention. The current research borrows a technique from magic to explore the relationship between microsaccades and covert attention under near-natural viewing conditions. We monitored participants' eye movements as they viewed a magic trick where a coin placed beneath a napkin vanishes and reappears beneath another napkin. Many participants fail to see the coin move from one location to the other the first time around, thanks to the magician's misdirection. However, previous research was unable to distinguish whether or not participants were fooled based on their eye movements. Here, we set out to determine if microsaccades may provide a window into the efficacy of the magician's misdirection. In a multi-trial setting, participants monitored the location of the coin (which changed positions in half of the trials), while engaging in a delayed match-to-sample task at a different spatial location. Microsaccades onset times varied with task difficulty, and microsaccade directions indexed the locus of covert attention. Our combined results indicate that microsaccades may be a useful metric of covert attentional processes in applied and ecologically valid settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco M Costela
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Lesaffre L, Kuhn G, Abu-Akel A, Rochat D, Mohr C. Magic Performances - When Explained in Psychic Terms by University Students. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2129. [PMID: 30459687 PMCID: PMC6232384 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paranormal beliefs (PBs), such as the belief in the soul, or in extrasensory perception, are common in the general population. While there is information regarding what these beliefs correlate with (e.g., cognitive biases, personality styles), there is little information regarding the causal direction between these beliefs and their correlates. To investigate the formation of beliefs, we use an experimental design, in which PBs and belief-associated cognitive biases are assessed before and after a central event: a magic performance (see also Mohr et al., 2018). In the current paper, we report a series of studies investigating the "paranormal potential" of magic performances (Study 1, N = 49; Study 2, N = 89; Study 3, N = 123). We investigated (i) which magic performances resulted in paranormal explanations, and (ii) whether PBs and a belief-associated cognitive bias (i.e., repetition avoidance) became enhanced after the performance. Repetition avoidance was assessed using a random number generation task. After the performance, participants rated to what extent the magic performance could be explained in psychic (paranormal), conjuring, or religious terms. We found that conjuring explanations were negatively associated with religious and psychic explanations, whereas religious and psychic explanations were positively associated. Enhanced repetition avoidance correlated with higher PBs ahead of the performance. We also observed a significant increase in psychic explanations and a drop in conjuring explanations when performances involved powerful psychic routines (e.g., the performer contacted the dead). While the experimentally induced enhancement of psychic explanations is promising, future studies should account for potential variables that might explain absent framing and before-after effects (e.g., emotion, attention). Such effects are essential to understand the formation and manipulation of belief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Lesaffre
- Institute of Psychology, Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Abu-Akel
- Institute of Psychology, Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Déborah Rochat
- Institute of Psychology, Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Getting absorbed in experimentally induced extraordinary experiences: Effects of placebo brain stimulation on agency detection. Conscious Cogn 2018; 66:1-16. [PMID: 30355534 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that placebo brain stimulation can function as an experimental tool to elicit mystical and quasi-mystical (i.e., extraordinary) experiences. However, it has not yet been investigated whether these effects result from mere sensory deprivation and individual differences in suggestibility, or whether expectancy manipulations are crucial in eliciting these effects. In this study, we showed that extraordinary experiences could be systematically manipulated by means of an expectancy manipulation using a within-subjects design, while controlling for suggestibility effects. We further observed that participants' score on the Tellegen absorption scale, an individual difference measure reflecting people's propensity to get immersed in external stimuli or mental imagery, is related to the frequency and intensity of such experiences. Finally, we investigated the relationship between extraordinary experiences and agency detection, which has been hypothesized to be associated to supernatural beliefs and experiences. The experimental induction of extraordinary experiences did not result in increased agency detection.
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Mind-Reading or Misleading? Assessing Direct-to-Consumer Electroencephalography (EEG) Devices Marketed for Wellness and Their Ethical and Regulatory Implications. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Thibault RT, Veissière S, Olson JA, Raz A. Treating ADHD With Suggestion: Neurofeedback and Placebo Therapeutics. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:707-711. [PMID: 29717910 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718770012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We propose that clinicians can use suggestion to help treat conditions such as ADHD. METHODS We use EEG neurofeedback as a case study, alongside evidence from a recent pilot experiment utilizing a sham MRI scanner to highlight the therapeutic potential of suggestion-based treatments. RESULTS The medical literature demonstrates that many practitioners already prescribe treatments that hardly outperform placebo comparators. Moreover, the sham MRI experiment showed that, even with full disclosure of the procedure, suggestion alone can reduce the symptomatology of ADHD. CONCLUSION Non-deceptive suggestion-based treatments, especially those drawing on accessories from neuroscience, may offer a safe complement and potential alternative to current standard of care for individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Thibault
- 1 McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,2 Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Jay A Olson
- 1 McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amir Raz
- 1 McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,2 Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
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16
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Sensorimotor experience in virtual reality enhances sense of agency associated with an avatar. Conscious Cogn 2017; 52:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kuhn G, Olson JA, Raz A. Editorial: The Psychology of Magic and the Magic of Psychology. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1358. [PMID: 27695427 PMCID: PMC5025437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London London, UK
| | - Jay A Olson
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychiatry Department, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amir Raz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychiatry Department, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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