1
|
Can you believe it? An investigation into the impact of retraction source credibility on the continued influence effect. Mem Cognit 2021; 49:631-644. [PMID: 33452666 PMCID: PMC7810102 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The continued influence effect refers to the finding that people often continue to rely on misinformation in their reasoning even if the information has been retracted. The present study aimed to investigate the extent to which the effectiveness of a retraction is determined by its credibility. In particular, we aimed to scrutinize previous findings suggesting that perceived trustworthiness but not perceived expertise of the retraction source determines a retraction's effectiveness, and that continued influence arises only if a retraction is not believed. In two experiments, we found that source trustworthiness but not source expertise indeed influences retraction effectiveness, with retractions from low-trustworthiness sources entirely ineffective. We also found that retraction belief is indeed a predictor of continued reliance on misinformation, but that substantial continued influence effects can still occur with retractions designed to be and rated as highly credible.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nahleen S, Strange D, Takarangi MKT. Does emotional or repeated misinformation increase memory distortion for a trauma analogue event? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2453-2465. [PMID: 32885342 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In general, memory of highly negative and even traumatic events can distort. However, the effect of misinformation exposure on such memories requires further investigation given the inconsistent past findings. With two experiments, we investigated: (1) whether misinformation distorts memory for highly negative analogue events, (2) whether memory distortion is increased for more emotional and potentially traumatic details compared to unemotional details, and (3) whether repeated misinformation exposure further increases memory distortion for highly negative events compared to single exposure, a possibility that has not been investigated to our knowledge. In both experiments, participants viewed a trauma analogue film with some scenes removed. Twenty-four hours later, they were given three "eyewitness" reports describing the film's events. To manipulate misinformation repetition, either zero, one, or all three of the reports described removed scenes. To determine whether memory distortion is increased for emotional details, half of the removed scenes were more traumatic than the other half. Participants exposed to misinformation falsely remembered more removed scenes compared to participants who were not exposed to misinformation. Further, memory distortion was increased for emotional (vs. unemotional) aspects of the film. Repeated misinformation exposure, however, did not lead to significantly higher error rates compared to single exposure. The lack of perceptual overlap between our written misinformation and film test items may have limited false memories even with repeated misinformation. Alternatively, the repeated vs. single misinformation effect may exist but be very small, as suggested by our raw means and effect sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Nahleen
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Deryn Strange
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Melanie K T Takarangi
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Allen AM, Jung AM, Lemieux AM, Alexander AC, Allen SS, Ward KD, al'Absi M. Stressful life events are associated with perinatal cigarette smoking. Prev Med 2019; 118:264-271. [PMID: 30468790 PMCID: PMC6322958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal smoking, including smoking during pregnancy and postpartum smoking relapse, is a persistent public health problem. While childhood trauma has been linked to perinatal smoking, less is known about the association with more proximal stressful life events (SLEs). The objective of this study was to examine the association between SLEs that occurred during the year prior to childbirth with perinatal smoking. Using the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2009-2011, perinatal smoking was assessed at three time points: (1) three months prior to pregnancy, (2) the last three months of pregnancy, and (3) two to six months postpartum. Survey respondents endorsed up to 13 SLEs (i.e., death of someone close). SLEs were analyzed individually, as well as using a cumulative score (range 0-13). Weighted analyses included unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression. Among those who smoked prior to pregnancy (n = 15,316), 48% (n = 7308) reported quitting smoking during pregnancy. Of those, 44% (n = 3126) reported postpartum smoking relapse. A total of 11 SLEs were associated with smoking during pregnancy and 2 SLEs were associated with postpartum smoking relapse. The odds of continued smoking during pregnancy was 12% higher for each SLE endorsed (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 1.15) and this association was attenuated in relation to the odds of postpartum smoking relapse (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.08). SLEs are associated with perinatal smoking. Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action and to develop interventions specific to the needs of women who experience SLEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Allen
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 3950 South Country Club Road, Suite 330, Tucson, AZ 85714-2238, United States of America.
| | - Alesia M Jung
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N Martin Ave, PO Box 245211, Tucson, AZ 85724-5211, United States of America
| | - Andrine M Lemieux
- Department of Family Medicine & Biobehavioral Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1035 University Drive, 291 SMed, Duluth, MN 55812-3031, United States of America
| | - Adam C Alexander
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Room 207, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America
| | - Sharon S Allen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Room A682, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0341, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 201 Robison Hall, Memphis, TN 38152-3420, United States of America
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Department of Family Medicine & Biobehavioral Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812-3031, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wagner MF, Skowronski JJ. Thinking About a Past Group Inclusion Experience or a Past Group Exclusion Experience Affects Memory Task Performance. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:1843-1864. [PMID: 30165785 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118789859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An experiment examined the impact of thinking about autobiographical group-related events (i.e., a past group inclusion experience or a past group exclusion experience) on recognition memory. After encountering the experimental manipulation, participants studied a list of words. Participants later engaged in two subsequent recognition tests: a group recognition test with a bogus confederate and a surprise individual recognition test. The memory measures were derived from signal detection theory and included hit rates, false alarm rates, and a memory discrimination index. Results showed that exposure to false information produced decreased hit rates, increased false alarms, and lowered discrimination values. Group-related thinking generally impaired recognition memory. These results are discussed in the context of prior research and in the context of theories of false memory.
Collapse
|