1
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Ciaunica A, Ayache J, Haggard P, Nakul E, Bonnet E, Auvray M. Explicit and implicit sense of agency in depersonalisation experiences. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15396. [PMID: 38965315 PMCID: PMC11224402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The sense of agency, the feeling of controlling one's bodily actions and the world is altered in Depersonalisation (DP), a condition that makes people feel detached from one's self and body. To investigate the link between depersonalisation and both implicit and explicit sense of agency, an online study was conducted using the influential Intentional Binding paradigm in a sample of non-clinical DP participants. The results did not reveal significant differences between individuals with low and high occurrences of DP experiences on the implicit and explicit sense of agency. However, participants with high occurrences of DP experiences showed a more time-sensitive explicit sense of agency and greater temporal distortions for short intervals in the absence of self-initiated motion. These results suggest that there is a discrepancy between implicit and explicit sense of agency in people with high levels of depersonalisation. Altogether, these findings call for further investigations of the key role of time perception on altered sense of self and agency in both non-clinical and clinical populations, to disentangle the mechanisms associated with the explicit and implicit sense of agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciaunica
- Centre for Philosophy of Science, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Julia Ayache
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University Montpellier IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Estelle Nakul
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience (LNC), FR3C, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bonnet
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Malika Auvray
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, ISIR, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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2
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Janczyk M, Giesen CG, Moeller B, Dignath D, Pfister R. Perception and action as viewed from the Theory of Event Coding: a multi-lab replication and effect size estimation of common experimental designs. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:1012-1042. [PMID: 35978172 PMCID: PMC9385094 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Theory of Event Coding (TEC) has influenced research on action and perception across the past two decades. It integrates several seminal empirical phenomena and it has continued to stimulate novel experimental approaches on the representational foundations of action control and perceptual experience. Yet, many of the most notable results surrounding TEC originate from an era of psychological research that relied on rather small sample sizes as judged by today's standards. This state hampers future research aiming to build on previous phenomena. We, therefore, provide a multi-lab re-assessment of the following six classical observations: response-effect compatibility, action-induced blindness, response-effect learning, stimulus-response binding, code occupation, and short-term response-effect binding. Our major goal is to provide precise estimates of corresponding effect sizes to facilitate future scientific endeavors. These effect sizes turned out to be considerably smaller than in the original reports, thus allowing for informed decisions on how to address each phenomenon in future work. Of note, the most relevant results of the original observations were consistently obtained in the present experiments as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Janczyk
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Carina G Giesen
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Birte Moeller
- Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - David Dignath
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology III, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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3
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Reis M, Pfister R, Schwarz KA. The value of control. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Reis
- Department of Psychology (III) University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology (III) University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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4
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Foerster A, Moeller B, Frings C, Pfister R. What is left after an error? Towards a comprehensive account of goal-based binding and retrieval. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:120-139. [PMID: 36451075 PMCID: PMC9816262 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive system readily detects and corrects erroneous actions by establishing episodic bindings between representations of the acted upon stimuli and the intended correct response. If these stimuli are encountered again, they trigger the retrieval of the correct response. Thus, binding and retrieval efficiently pave the way for future success. The current study set out to define the role of the erroneous response itself and explicit feedback for the error during these processes of goal-based binding and retrieval. Two experiments showed robust and similar binding and retrieval effects with and without feedback and pointed towards sustained activation of the unbound, erroneous response. The third experiment confirmed that the erroneous response is more readily available than a neutral alternative. Together, the results demonstrate that episodic binding biases future actions toward success, guided primarily through internal feedback processes, while the erroneous response still leaves detectable traces in human action control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Foerster
- Department of Psychology III, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Birte Moeller
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology III, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Schwarz KA, Klaffehn AL, Hauke-Forman N, Muth FV, Pfister R. Never run a changing system: Action-effect contingency shapes prospective agency. Cognition 2022; 229:105250. [PMID: 35963118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Human action control is highly sensitive to action-effect contingencies in the agent's environment. Here we show that the subjective sense of agency (SoA) contributes to this sensitivity as a subjective counterpart to instrumental action decisions. Participants (N = 556) experienced varying reward probabilities and were prompted to give summary evaluations of their SoA after a series of action-effect episodes. Results first revealed a quadratic relation of contingency and SoA, driven by a disproportionally strong impact of perfect action-effect contingencies. In addition to this strong situational determinant of SoA, we observed small but reliable interindividual differences as a function of gender, assertiveness, and neuroticism that applied especially at imperfect action-effect contingencies. Crucially, SoA not only reflected the reward structure of the environment but was also associated with the agent's future action decisions across situational and personal factors. These findings call for a paradigm shift in research on perceived agency, away from the retrospective assessment of single behavioral episodes and towards a prospective view that draws on statistical regularities of an agent's environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roland Pfister
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Jenkins M, Obhi SS. Mistakes strengthen the temporal binding effect in the context of goal-directed actions. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2191-2203. [PMID: 35796858 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Temporal binding is an illusion in which the temporal interval between two events appears compressed. In the context of intentional actions, this effect is observed as a compression of the perceived interval between these actions and their causal outcomes. This 'intentional binding effect' has been used to investigate the Sense of Agency, which is the experience of intentionally causing an outcome through volitional action. Intentional binding is reduced for negative outcomes such as error feedback, but the role of mistakes (e.g., errors of commission) for binding and agency has not been extensively studied. In our study, participants played a virtual game in which they attempted to 'splat' (hit) visual stimuli that looked like coloured bugs, using mouse clicks. On some trials, stimulus colours changed unpredictably immediately before actions were made, sometimes inducing mistakes. Actions were thus clearly identifiable as mistakes at the time of their onset before any outcome feedback had been provided. Participants reported shorter action-outcome intervals when stimuli changed, but only when this change caused a mistake according to the game's rules. This suggests that intentional binding is strengthened by errors of commission. We discuss how this effect may be accounted for by agency itself and via more general processes such as changes in arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jenkins
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Psychology Building (PC), Room 102, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Psychology Building (PC), Room 102, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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7
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Varga S, Pfister R, Neszmélyi B, Kunde W, Horváth J. Binding of Task-Irrelevant Action Features and Auditory Action Effects. J Cogn 2022; 5:35. [PMID: 36072116 PMCID: PMC9400621 DOI: 10.5334/joc.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrete task-relevant features of an overt response, such as response location, are bound to, and retrieved by coincidentally occurring auditory stimuli. Here we studied whether continuous, task-irrelevant response features like force or response duration also become bound to, and retrieved by such stimuli. In two experiments we asked participants to carry out a pinch which produced a certain auditory effect in a prime part of each trial. In a subsequent probe part, tones served as imperative stimuli which either repeated or changed as compared to the effect tone in the prime. We conjectured that the repetition of tones should result in more similar responses in terms of force output and duration as compared to tone changes. Most parameters did not show notable indications for such similarity increases, including peak force or area under force curve, though the correlation between response durations in prime and probe was higher when tones repeated rather than changed from prime to probe. We discuss these results regarding perceptual discriminability and deployment of attention to different nominally task-irrelevant aspects of pinch responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sámuel Varga
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bence Neszmélyi
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - János Horváth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Tonn S, Pfister R, Klaffehn AL, Weller L, Schwarz KA. Two faces of temporal binding: Action- and effect-binding are not correlated. Conscious Cogn 2021; 96:103219. [PMID: 34749157 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on the sense of agency has proliferated a range of explicit and implicit measures. However, the relation of different measures is poorly understood with especially mixed findings on the correlation between explicit judgments of agency and the implicit perceptual bias of temporal binding. Here, we add to the conundrum by showing that the two sub-components of temporal binding - action-binding and effect-binding, respectively - are not correlated across participants either, suggesting independent processes for both components. Research on inter-individual differences regarding the sense of agency is thus well-advised to rely on other implicit measures until the phenomenon of temporal binding is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tonn
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - R Pfister
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A L Klaffehn
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - L Weller
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K A Schwarz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Voluntary actions and causally linked sensory stimuli are perceived to be shifted towards each other in time. This so-called temporal binding is commonly assessed in paradigms using the Libet Clock. In such experiments, participants have to estimate the timing of actions performed or ensuing sensory stimuli (usually tones) by means of a rotating clock hand presented on a screen. The aforementioned task setup is however ill-suited for many conceivable setups, especially when they involve visual effects. To address this shortcoming, the line of research presented here establishes an alternative measure for temporal binding by using a sequence of timed sounds. This method uses an auditory timer, a sequence of letters presented during task execution, which serve as anchors for temporal judgments. In four experiments, we manipulated four design factors of this auditory timer, namely interval length, interval filling, sequence predictability, and sequence length, to determine the most effective and economic method for measuring temporal binding with an auditory timer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas V Muth
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Wirth
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Potts CA, Carlson RA. What am I doing? It depends: agency and action identification. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:651-666. [PMID: 33839940 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Actions can be identified at a range of levels, from higher level, outcome-related descriptions to lower level, movement-related descriptions. But how do these levels of identification influence the experience of control (agency) over a task? We addressed the relation between the level of action identification and agency using a hierarchical task modeled from typing. Participants memorized letter sequences and reported them by moving a cursor to targets that contained letters. To manipulate lower level (aiming) difficulty, the targets were either large or small. To manipulate higher level (memory) difficulty, the letter sequences were either constant or random within a block. We found effects of higher and lower level difficulty on agency and action identification. Moreover, we found interactive effects of higher and lower level difficulty on performance. We discuss these findings in terms of contributions to the study of agency, and some differences from the results of previous studies of action identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Potts
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Richard A Carlson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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11
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Influence of levels of automation on the sense of agency during continuous action. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2436. [PMID: 33510395 PMCID: PMC7843606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in automation technology can lead to unsafe situations where operators lose their sense of agency over the automated equipment. On the other hand, increasing evidence has shown that providing operators with opportunities of continuous operation and helping them improve their performance on tasks through automation can boost their sense of agency. However, it is challenging to ensure that the operator maintains a sense of agency when working with a fully automated tool that removes him/her from the control loop. By demonstrating a tracking task in which participants continuously tracked a moving target through a cursor controlled by a joystick under different levels of automation, we illustrate how the participants’ sense of agency and tracking performance were altered in accordance with the level of automation. The results showed that their sense of agency was enhanced by increasing automation but began to decline when the level of automation exceeded 90%. More generally, this suggests that allowing operators a little contribution to control over the continuous operation of an automated tool may be sufficient to maintain their sense of agency while yielding the maximum improvement in performance.
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12
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Grünbaum T, Christensen MS. Measures of agency. Neurosci Conscious 2020; 2020:niaa019. [PMID: 32793394 PMCID: PMC7416314 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of agency is typically defined as the experience of controlling one’s own actions, and through them, changes in the external environment. It is often assumed that this experience is a single, unified construct that can be experimentally manipulated and measured in a variety of ways. In this article, we challenge this assumption. We argue that we should acknowledge four possible agency-related psychological constructs. Having a clear grasp of the possible constructs is important since experimental procedures are only able to target some but not all the possible constructs. The unacknowledged misalignment of the possible constructs of a sense of agency and the experimental procedures is a major theoretical and methodological obstacle to studying the sense of agency. Only if we recognize the nature of this obstacle will we be able to design the experimental paradigms that would enable us to study the responsible computational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Grünbaum
- Section for Philosophy, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, DK - 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Mark Schram Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Christensen Lab - Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK - 2200, Copenhagen N, 33.3.52, Denmark
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13
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Pfister R, Frings C, Moeller B. The Role of Congruency for Distractor-Response Binding: A Caveat. Adv Cogn Psychol 2020; 15:127-132. [PMID: 32665798 PMCID: PMC7335392 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding in the presence of stimuli leads to an integration of stimulus features and response features into event files, which can later be retrieved to assist action control. This integration mechanism is not limited to target stimuli, but can also include distractors (distractor-response binding). A recurring research question is which factors determine whether or not distractors are integrated. One suggested candidate factor is target-distractor congruency: Distractor-response binding effects were reported to be stronger for congruent than for incongruent target-distractor pairs. Here, we discuss a general problem with including the factor of congruency in typical analyses used to study distractor-based binding effects. Integrating this factor leads to a confound that may explain any differences between distractor-response binding effects of congruent and incongruent distractors with a simple congruency effect. Simulation data confirmed this argument. We propose to interpret previous data cautiously and discuss potential avenues to circumvent this problem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pfister
- Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Department of Psychology III, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- University of Trier, Department of Psychology, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Birte Moeller
- University of Trier, Department of Psychology, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
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14
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Abstract
In our daily lives, we frequently execute actions that require several steps to bring about the outcome. However, investigations on how the sense of agency—the sense of controlling our actions and their outcomes—evolves in multi-step actions are still lacking. The purpose of the present research is to fill this gap. In the present study, the participants executed one-step, two-step, and three-step actions in which one, two, or three keys had to be pressed consecutively to generate a tone. We used sensory attenuation as an implicit measure of the sense of agency. Sensory attenuation means that self-produced sensory effects are perceived as less intense than externally generated effects. In the present experiment, sensory attenuation was measured in a psychophysical paradigm and increased in multi-step actions compared to the one-step action. We also asked the participants to explicitly rate the amount to which they felt that they had generated the tone. Ratings were highest in the one-step condition and dropped for multi-step actions, thus showing the opposite pattern of the sensory attenuation data. We assume that enhanced sensory attenuation in multi-step actions could be due to increased effort or more accurate sensorimotor predictions of action effects. The decrease in explicit ratings for multi-step actions might be attributed to reduced perception of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Garrido-Vásquez
- Department of Psychology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tanja Rock
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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15
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Schwarz KA, Weller L, Pfister R, Kunde W. Connecting action control and agency: Does action-effect binding affect temporal binding? Conscious Cogn 2019; 76:102833. [PMID: 31629097 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sense of agency, i.e., the notion that we, as agents, are in control of our own actions and can affect our environment by acting, is an integral part of human volition. Recent work has attempted to ground agency in basic mechanisms of human action control. Along these lines, action-effect binding has been shown to affect explicit judgments of agency. Here, we investigate if such action-effect bindings are also related to temporal binding which is often used as an implicit measure of agency. In two experiments, we found evidence for the establishment of short-term action-effect bindings as well as temporal binding effects. However, the two phenomena were not associated with each other. This finding suggests that the relation of action control and agency is not a simple one, and it adds to the evidence in favor of a dissociation between subjective agency and perceptual biases such as temporal binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Weller
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Schwarz K, Weller L, Klaffehn A, Pfister R. The effects of action choice on temporal binding, agency ratings, and their correlation. Conscious Cogn 2019; 75:102807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Grechuta K, Ulysse L, Rubio Ballester B, Verschure PFMJ. Self Beyond the Body: Action-Driven and Task-Relevant Purely Distal Cues Modulate Performance and Body Ownership. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:91. [PMID: 30949038 PMCID: PMC6435571 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of body ownership largely relies on the so-called Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI). In this paradigm, synchronous stroking of the real and the rubber hands leads to an illusion of ownership of the rubber hand provided that it is physically, anatomically, and spatially plausible. Self-attribution of an artificial hand also occurs during visuomotor synchrony. In particular, participants experience ownership over a virtual or a rubber hand when the visual feedback of self-initiated movements follows the trajectory of the instantiated motor commands, such as in the Virtual Hand Illusion (VHI) or the moving Rubber Hand Illusion (mRHI). Evidence yields that both when the cues are triggered externally (RHI) and when they result from voluntary actions (VHI and mRHI), the experience of ownership is established through bottom-up integration and top-down prediction of proximodistal cues (visuotactile or visuomotor) within the peripersonal space. It seems, however, that depending on whether the sensory signals are externally (RHI) or self-generated (VHI and mRHI), the top-down expectation signals are qualitatively different. On the one hand, in the RHI the sensory correlations are modulated by top-down influences which constitute empirically induced priors related to the internal (generative) model of the body. On the other hand, in the VHI and mRHI body ownership is actively shaped by processes which allow for continuous comparison between the expected and the actual sensory consequences of the actions. Ample research demonstrates that the differential processing of the predicted and the reafferent information is addressed by the central nervous system via an internal (forward) model or corollary discharge. Indeed, results from the VHI and mRHI suggest that, in action-contexts, the mechanism underlying body ownership could be similar to the forward model. Crucially, forward models integrate across all self-generated sensory signals including not only proximodistal (i.e., visuotactile or visuomotor) but also purely distal sensory cues (i.e., visuoauditory). Thus, if body ownership results from a consistency of a forward model, it will be affected by the (in)congruency of purely distal cues provided that they inform about action-consequences and are relevant to a goal-oriented task. Specifically, they constitute a corrective error signal. Here, we explicitly addressed this question. To test our hypothesis, we devised an embodied virtual reality-based motor task where action outcomes were signaled by distinct auditory cues. By manipulating the cues with respect to their spatial, temporal and semantic congruency, we show that purely distal (visuoauditory) feedback which violates predictions about action outcomes compromises both performance and body ownership. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that body ownership is influenced by not only externally and self-generated cues which pertain to the body within the peripersonal space but also those arising outside of the body. Hence, during goal-oriented tasks body ownership may result from the consistency of forward models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Grechuta
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ulysse
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Rubio Ballester
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul F M J Verschure
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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