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Wang P, Luo N, Zhao L, Zhao Y. Vascular Distribution and Expression Patterns of Angiogenic Factors in Caruncle during the Early Stage of Pregnancy in Goats ( Capra hircus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010099. [PMID: 36611709 PMCID: PMC9818016 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a temporary maternal−fetal organ, and its maternal placenta (caruncle) is essential for fetal growth and development. The exchange function of the placenta requires vascular development (angiogenesis). However, the angiogenesis of the caruncle is poorly understood in goats during the early stage of pregnancy. Here, we investigated the vascular distribution, mRNA expression of major angiogenic factors, and the methylation levels of ANGPT2 in the goat caruncle. It showed that CAD (capillary area density), CSD (capillary surface density), and APC (area per capillary) increased gradually, while CND (capillary number density) showed an insignificant change, probably due to the variability between animals. The proportion of proliferating cells was observed to be very high (>26%) and increased (p < 0.002) approximately 2-fold from day 20 to 60 of pregnancy. Furthermore, the expression patterns of major angiogenic factors changed during the early stage of pregnancy. Interestingly, we discovered an absolute correlation between the mRNA for ANGPT2, TEK, FGF2, and vascular distribution. Subsequently, we evaluated the DNA methylation of ANGPT2, where we found that mean methylation was negatively correlated with CAD. The methylation at the CpG sites, such as CpG 4/18, CpG 9.10.11, and CpG 15, showed significant changes during the early stage of pregnancy. Thus, our findings suggest that the methylation of ANGPT2 may be involved in the regulation of caruncle angiogenesis during the early stage of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongju Zhao
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-023-68-250-205; Fax: +86-023-68-251-196
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Suzuki T, Sakumoto R, Hayashi KG, Ogiso T, Kunii H, Shirozu T, Kim SW, Bai H, Kawahara M, Kimura K, Takahashi M. Involvement of interferon-tau in the induction of apoptotic, pyroptotic, and autophagic cell death-related signaling pathways in the bovine uterine endometrium during early pregnancy. J Reprod Dev 2018; 64:495-502. [PMID: 30298824 PMCID: PMC6305853 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-tau (IFNT), a type I interferon (IFN), is known as pregnancy recognition signaling molecule secreted from the ruminant conceptus during the preimplantation period. Type I IFNs,
such as IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, are known to activate cell-death pathways as well as induce apoptosis. In cows, induction of apoptosis with DNA fragmentation is induced by IFNT in cultured
bovine endometrial epithelial cells. However, the status of cell-death pathways in the bovine endometrium during the preimplantation period still remains unclear. In the present study, we
investigated the different cell-death pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy, in uterine tissue obtained from pregnant cows and in vitro cultured
endometrial epithelial cells with IFNT stimulation. The expression of CASP7, 8, and FADD (apoptosis-related genes) was significantly higher
in pregnant day 18 uterine tissue in comparison to non-pregnant day 18 tissue. The expression of CASP4, 11, and NLRP3 (pyroptosis-related
genes) was significantly higher in the pregnant uterus in comparison to non-pregnant uterus. In contrast, autophagy-related genes were not affected by pregnancy. We also investigated the
effect of IFNT on the expression of cell-death pathway-related genes, as well as DNA fragmentation in cultured endometrial epithelial cells. Similar to its effects in pregnant uterine
tissue, IFNT affected the increase of apoptosis-related (CASP8) and pyroptosis-related genes (CASP11), but did not affect autophagy-related gene expression.
IFNT also increased γH2AX-positive cells, which is a marker of DNA fragmentation. These results suggest that apoptosis- and pyroptosis-related genes are induced by IFNT in the pregnant
bovine endometrial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakumoto
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Ken-Go Hayashi
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ogiso
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kunii
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shirozu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 55717, Korea
| | - Hanako Bai
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawahara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.,Global Station for Food, Land and Water Resources, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
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An X, Liu X, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhao X, Chen K, Ma H, Li G, Cao B, Song Y. MiR-449a regulates caprine endometrial stromal cell apoptosis and endometrial receptivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12248. [PMID: 28947781 PMCID: PMC5612931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression levels of miR-449a in the pre-receptive endometrium were lower compared to the receptive endometrium, which is consistent with previous sequencing data (previous investigations). To detect the role of miR-449a in endometrial receptivity, we transfected caprine endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) cultured in vitro with miR-449a mimics. The results revealed that miR-449a decreased the mRNA and protein levels of LGR4 by targeting its 3′-untranslated region. The miR-449a mimics significantly reduced the G1 cell population from 52.56% (mimic NC) to 42.19% with a concordant increase in the G2 and S cell populations from 47.44% (mimic NC) to 57.81%, suggesting that miR-449a caused ESC cell cycle arrest. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in ESCs transfected with miR-449a mimics (P < 0.05) than in ESCs transfected with mimic NC. In vivo, rich pinopodes were observed on the endometrial surface in the miR-449a agomir group compared with the miR-449a antagomir group. The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that endometrial thickness was significantly increased in the miR-449a agomir group compared with the miR-449a antagomir group. These results suggest that miR-449a could enhance endometrial receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Junze Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Northwest A&F University of Hospital, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Guang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Binyun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
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Wang HW, Zhao WP, Tan PP, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhou BH. The MMP-9/TIMP-1 System is Involved in Fluoride-Induced Reproductive Dysfunctions in Female Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:253-260. [PMID: 28064417 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A total of 84 healthy female mice were kept with various concentrations of sodium fluoride (F) (0, 50, 100, 150 mg F-/L in drinking water for 90 days) and were then mated with healthy male mice for 1 week to study the effect of excessive fluoride on female reproductive function, particularly in embryo implantation. The rate of pregnancy, litter size, and the birth weight of female mice were evaluated. Ultrastructural changes of uteri tissues were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were analyzed by western blotting. Results showed a significant decrease of litter size in mice exposed to fluoride. TEM images of uteri tissue of mice that underwent a 150 mg/L F- treatment for 90 days showed a vague nucleus, reduced microvilli, increased lysosomes, a dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and a vacuolization mitochondrion when compared with the control group. Following the damage of the structure, the expression levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in uteri tissues were significantly unregulated in the F 150 group. These results show that MMP-9/TIMP-1 system disturbance and changes of histological structure in uteri tissue are involved in fluoride-induced reproductive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People's Republic of China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Peng Zhao
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Tan
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People's Republic of China
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Uchida H, Maruyama T, Masuda H, Uchida S, Miki F, Hihara H, Katakura S, Yoshimasa Y, Tanaka M. How to Create an Embryo Penetration Route. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:326-32. [PMID: 26732539 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous past investigations into human implantation have tended to pay attention to the mechanism of embryo adhesion to endometrial cells or embryo invasion into endometrial stromal tissue. For successful pregnancy, however, embryo penetration through the endometrial epithelial cell (EEC) sheet is also absolutely required. To improve the performance of assisted reproductive technology, implantation studies should also focus on EEC dynamics, in particular, the action of EECs during embryo penetration. Although only EEC apoptosis has been proposed as a mechanism for the formation of the embryo penetration route, we have also recently reported that characteristic EEC collective motion, regulated by the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, also plays a key role in permitting embryo penetration. We review here how EECs form embryo penetration routes in light of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Uchida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maruyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Uchida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Miki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Hihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Katakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yushi Yoshimasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Liechty ER, Bergin IL, Bell JD. Animal models of contraception: utility and limitations. Open Access J Contracept 2015; 6:27-35. [PMID: 29386922 PMCID: PMC5683139 DOI: 10.2147/oajc.s58754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate animal modeling is vital for the successful development of novel contraceptive devices. Advances in reproductive biology have identified novel pathways for contraceptive intervention. Here we review species-specific anatomic and physiologic considerations impacting preclinical contraceptive testing, including efficacy testing, mechanistic studies, device design, and modeling off-target effects. Emphasis is placed on the use of nonhuman primate models in contraceptive device development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason D Bell
- Program on Women's Health Care Effectiveness Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Boeddeker SJ, Baston-Buest DM, Fehm T, Kruessel J, Hess A. Decidualization and syndecan-1 knock down sensitize endometrial stromal cells to apoptosis induced by embryonic stimuli. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121103. [PMID: 25830352 PMCID: PMC4382340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryo invasion and implantation into the inner wall of the maternal uterus, the endometrium, is the pivotal process for a successful pregnancy. Whereas disruption of the endometrial epithelial layer was already correlated with the programmed cell death, the role of apoptosis of the subjacent endometrial stromal cells during implantation is indistinct. The aim was to clarify whether apoptosis plays a role in the stromal invasion and to characterize if the apoptotic susceptibility of endometrial stromal cells to embryonic stimuli is influenced by decidualization and Syndecan-1. Therefore, the immortalized human endometrial stromal cell line St-T1 was used to first generate a new cell line with a stable Syndecan-1 knock down (KdS1), and second to further decidualize the cells with progesterone. As a replacement for the ethically inapplicable embryo all cells were treated with the embryonic factors and secretion products interleukin-1β, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β1 and anti-Fas antibody to mimic the embryo contact. Detection of apoptosis was verified via Caspase ELISAs, PARP cleavage and Annexin V staining. Apoptosis-related proteins were investigated via antibody arrays and underlying signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blot. Non-decidualized endometrial stromal cells showed a resistance towards apoptosis which was rescinded by decidualization and Syndecan-1 knock down independent of decidualization. This was correlated with an altered expression of several pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and connected to a higher activation of pro-survival Akt in non-differentiated St-T1 as an upstream mediator of apoptotis-related proteins. This study provides insight into the largely elusive process of implantation, proposing an important role for stromal cell apoptosis to successfully establish a pregnancy. The impact of Syndecan-1 in attenuating the apoptotic signal is particularly interesting in the light of an already described influence on pregnancy disorders and therefore might provide a useful clinical tool in the future to prevent pregnancy complications provoked by inadequate implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jean Boeddeker
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (UniKiD), Medical Center University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dunja Maria Baston-Buest
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (UniKiD), Medical Center University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Kruessel
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (UniKiD), Medical Center University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hess
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (UniKiD), Medical Center University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Boeddeker SJ, Hess AP. The role of apoptosis in human embryo implantation. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 108:114-22. [PMID: 25779030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The process of embryo attachment and invasion through the endometrial epithelial cells and subsequent implantation into the decidualized endometrial stroma is the groundbreaking step for the establishment of a successful pregnancy. Necessary prerequisites are a receptive endometrium, a good-quality embryo and a well-orchestrated molecular dialog between embryo and maternal endometrium. The embryo-maternal dialog is conducted via a wide scope of factors, including secreted cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in addition to the expression of corresponding receptors and co-receptors. Several embryonic proteins, including the aforementioned, are involved in the process of apoptosis, which necessarily needs to take place at the maternal endometrium to allow the embryo to invade. The endometrial epithelium is thereby disintegrated completely within a particular area, whereas the endometrial stroma seems to require a more depth-limited apoptosis. As of today, the exact mechanisms and factors mediating the apoptotic process involved in those apparently differently regulated incidents are not fully understood, particularly with regard to stromal cell apoptosis. There is evidence though, that cytokines and their respective receptors play a major role. A suggested important co-receptor for cytokines, which is highly upregulated in the receptive human endometrium, is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1. It is present on the cell surface and involved in the regulation of cell-cell-interaction, cell binding, cell signaling and cytoskeletal organization and therefore represents a possible mediator of apoptosis regulation in human endometrium. Herein, the literature on endometrial epithelial and stromal apoptosis in general, and in light of the influence of syndecan-1, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Boeddeker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty, Medical Center University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra P Hess
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty, Medical Center University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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DNA damage and apoptosis of endometrial cells cause loss of the early embryo in mice exposed to carbon disulfide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:381-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- Postgraduate Department of Pathology, CSM Medical University UP (Erstwhile King George Medical University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Mati Goel
- Postgraduate Department of Pathology, CSM Medical University UP (Erstwhile King George Medical University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Cole LA, Butler SA. The biological function of hyperglycosylated hCG. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Cole LA, Butler S. Hyperglycosylated hCG, hCGβ and Hyperglycosylated hCGβ: interchangeable cancer promoters. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:232-8. [PMID: 22101319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several groups are researching cancers, and showing that hCGβ is a promoter of cancer growth and malignancy. Recent research shows that some hCGβ is present as Hyperglycosylated hCGβ. Other groups studied Hyperglycosylated hCG as a promoter of choriocarcinoma and germ cell malignancies. The question therefore arises, are Hyperglycosylated hCG, hCGβ and Hyperglycosylated hCGβ interrelated or interchangable promoters of cancer? METHODS The actions of Hyperglycosylated hCGβ, hCGβ and Hyperglycosylated hCG are investigated in 7 cell lines, Jar and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell lines, NTERA germ cell cancer line, SCaBER and T24 bladder epithelial carcinoma lines, KLE and Hec-1-a endometrial adenocarcinoma and epithelial carcinoma cell lines. Actions of promoters on cell growth are investigated. RESULTS The actions of Hyperglycosylated hCG, hCGβ and Hyperglycosylated hCGβ appear to be interchangeable in all cell lines investigated. DISCUSSION All hCG-related cancer promoters seem interrelated, working through a similar mechanism, antagonism of apoptosis through know receptors such as TGFβ receptors in all cancers studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Cole
- USA hCG Reference Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences Center MSC10-5580, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87104, USA.
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Cole LA. hCG, five independent molecules. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:48-65. [PMID: 22027338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hCG amino acid sequence supports 5 glycoproteins. All are called hCG forms. This review examines all 5 molecules, the hormone as produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblast cells, the sulfated hormone produced by the pituitary gonadotrope cells, the hyperglycosylated hCG autocrine made by placental cytotrophoblast cells, and the autocrine cancer promoters hyperglycosylated hCG, hCGß and hyperglycosylated hCGß as made by all malignancies. This review examines all the molecules and multiple proven functions, ranging from evolution to cancer promotion to hormone action. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION hCG forms are critical super-growth factors in humans, with an exceptional wide range of functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Cole
- USA hCG Reference Service Reference Service, Division of Women's Health Research, Albuquerque, NM 87104, United States.
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND hCG is a term referring to 4 independent molecules, each produced by separate cells and each having completely separate functions. These are hCG produced by villous syncytiotrophoblast cells, hyperglycosylated hCG produced by cytotrophoblast cells, free beta-subunit made by multiple primary non-trophoblastic malignancies, and pituitary hCG made by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION hCG has numerous functions. hCG promotes progesterone production by corpus luteal cells; promotes angiogenesis in uterine vasculature; promoted the fusion of cytotrophoblast cell and differentiation to make syncytiotrophoblast cells; causes the blockage of any immune or macrophage action by mother on foreign invading placental cells; causes uterine growth parallel to fetal growth; suppresses any myometrial contractions during the course of pregnancy; causes growth and differentiation of the umbilical cord; signals the endometrium about forthcoming implantation; acts on receptor in mother's brain causing hyperemesis gravidarum, and seemingly promotes growth of fetal organs during pregnancy. Hyperglycosylated hCG functions to promote growth of cytotrophoblast cells and invasion by these cells, as occurs in implantation of pregnancy, and growth and invasion by choriocarcinoma cells. hCG free beta-subunit is produced by numerous non-trophoblastic malignancies of different primaries. The detection of free beta-subunit in these malignancies is generally considered a sign of poor prognosis. The free beta-subunit blocks apoptosis in cancer cells and promotes the growth and malignancy of the cancer. Pituitary hCG is a sulfated variant of hCG produced at low levels during the menstrual cycle. Pituitary hCG seems to mimic luteinizing hormone actions during the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Cole
- USA hCG Reference Service, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Shankar S, Davis R, Singh KP, Kurzrock R, Ross DD, Srivastava RK. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Zolinza/vorinostat) sensitizes TRAIL-resistant breast cancer cells orthotopically implanted in BALB/c nude mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1596-605. [PMID: 19509267 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; Zolinza/vorinostat) could sensitize tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant breast carcinoma in vivo. BALB/c nude mice were orthotopically implanted with TRAIL-resistant MDA-MB-468 cells and treated i.v. with SAHA, TRAIL, or SAHA followed by TRAIL for four times during first 3 weeks. The effects of drugs on tumor growth and markers of apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis were examined. SAHA sensitized TRAIL-resistant xenografts to undergo apoptosis through multiple mechanisms. Whereas TRAIL alone was ineffective, SAHA inhibited growth of MDA-MB-468 xenografts in nude mice by inhibiting markers of tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The sequential treatment of nude mice with SAHA followed by TRAIL was more effective in inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and inducing apoptosis than SAHA alone, without overt toxicity. Treatment of nude mice with SAHA resulted in down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and its gene products (cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9) and up-regulation of DR4, DR5, Bak, Bax, Bim, Noxa, PUMA, p21(CIP1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in tumor cells. Furthermore, control mice showing increased rate of tumor growth had increased numbers of CD31(+) or von Willebrand factor-positive blood vessels and increased circulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-positive endothelial cells compared with SAHA-treated or SAHA plus TRAIL-treated mice. In conclusion, sequential treatment with SAHA followed by TRAIL may target multiple pathways in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis and represents a novel therapeutic approach to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA
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Yuan JX, Xiao LJ, Lu CL, Zhang XS, Liu T, Chen M, Hu ZY, Gao F, Liu YX. Increased expression of heat shock protein 105 in rat uterus of early pregnancy and its significance in embryo implantation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:23. [PMID: 19284651 PMCID: PMC2667524 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a set of highly conserved proteins, Hsp105, has been suggested to play a role in reproduction. METHODS Spatio-temporal expression of Hsp105 in rat uterus during peri-implantation period was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, pseudopregnant uterus was used as control. Injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to Hsp105 into pregnant rat uteri was carried out to look at effect of Hsp105 on embryo implantation. RESULTS Expression of Hsp105 was mainly in the luminal epithelium on day 1 of pregnancy, and reached a peak level on day 5, whereas in stroma cells, adjacent to the implanting embryo, the strongest expression of Hsp105 was observed on day 6. The immunostaining profile in the uterus was consistent with that obtained by Western blot in the early pregnancy. In contrast, no obvious peak level of Hsp105 was observed in the uterus of pseudopregnant rat on day 5 or day 6. Furthermore, injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to Hsp105 into the rat uterine horn on day 3 of pregnancy obviously suppressed the protein expression as expected and reduced number of the implanted embryos as compared with the control. CONCLUSION Temporal and spatial changes in Hsp105 expression in pregnant rat uterus may play a physiological role in regulating embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Cui-Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xue-Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yi-Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Li D, Zhang C, Song F, Lubenec I, Tian Y, Song QH. VEGF regulates FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 expression in injury endothelial cells and mediates smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration. Microvasc Res 2008; 77:134-42. [PMID: 18948122 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in the development of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) as well as atherosclerosis. The purpose of our study was: 1) to evaluate the expression of endothelial cell (EC) fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA expression following vascular injury and VEGF modulation and 2) to assess whether VEGF indirectly stimulates smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation via growth factors released by injured EC. METHODS Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were cultured to near confluency and were serum starved. Linear wounds were made in medium with and without VEGF. FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression were evaluated. Bovine aortic organ culture experiments were also carried out and growth factor expression was assessed. SMC proliferation and migration was assessed in response to EC injury medium with/without VEGF. RESULTS EC injury in the presence of VEGF increased FGF-2 mRNA. EC injury also induced TGF-beta1 mRNA expression; however VEGF inhibited TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in both injured and noninjured ECs. VEGF increased FGF-2 mRNA stability and did not alter TGF-beta1 mRNA stability. SMC proliferation and migration was found to be induced by injured EC media and injury EC medium with VEGF, respectively CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that 1) VEGF indirectly stimulates SMC proliferation and migration through stimulation of the expression of FGF-2 and 2) VEGF inhibits the expression of TGF-beta1 released by EC. Theses data further suggest an integral role for FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 in wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Lu, Harbin 150081, China
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Qiao M, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Wang H, Xue L, Wei S. Isolating with physical restraint low status female monkeys during luteal phase might make an appropriate premenstrual depression syndrome model. J Affect Disord 2007; 102:81-91. [PMID: 17258814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have a close phylogenetic relationship to humans, and have a similar 28-day menstrual cycle with similar hormonal fluctuations. In this study, we attempt to establish the premenstrual depression syndrome of rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) models by isolation with physical restraint of low social status young female monkeys during their luteal phase. METHODS Low social status young female rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) were isolated with physical restraint during their luteal phase by using a specifically designed isolating-cage. During the entire menses cycle, serum levels of 5-hydroxytrypamine, noradrenalin and adrenalin were detected by capillary zone electrophoresis, and the changes in the serum levels of progesterone, estradiol and prolactin were investigated by radioimmunoassay. At the same time, the pharmaceutical interference effect of Jingqianshu granule, a traditional Chinese medicine specifically used to cure premenstrual depression patients, was tested using this premenstrual depression syndrome monkey model. RESULTS After being immured in two consecutive menstrual cycles, monkeys presented depressive symptoms during the premenstrual phase of three consecutive menstrual cycles. The serum contents of the three kinds of monoamine neurotransmitters in depressive monkeys were significantly higher than the normal ones. The serum levels of progesterone and prolactin increased obviously, and a marked change in the pattern of progesterone secretion could be observed. Moreover, the premenstrual depressive symptoms of model group monkeys could not only be cured by Jingqianshu granule, but the higher serum levels of prolactin and monoamine neurotransmitters in these monkeys could be reduced by this herbal medicine. These data were well in line with clinical observations of women with premenstrual depression syndrome. CONCLUSION Our results in this study for the first time indicate that isolation with physical restraint of low status young female monkeys during their luteal phase makes an appropriate premenstrual depression syndrome model. This model might potentially facilitate studies on the etiology of premenstrual depression syndrome and the development of better methods for the therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Qiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
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Harslund J, Nielsen OL, Brünner N, Offenberg H. Gender-dependent physiological implications of combined PAI-1 and TIMP-1 gene deficiency characterized in a mouse model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1630-9. [PMID: 17652357 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00380.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous proteinase inhibitors plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 1 (TIMP-1) are two distinct proteins with separate molecular pathways. However, a close relationship between PAI-1 and TIMP-1 has been proposed indicating some degree of functional overlap due to their involvement in ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, and cellular migration and signaling. To study the housekeeping physiological implications of PAI-1 and TIMP-1, we generated a combined PAI-1 and TIMP-1 gene-deficient mouse model. We present the results on generating this specific mouse model with particular emphasis on phenotypical characteristics, blood leukocyte counts, histology, and gene expression studies of PAI-1 and TIMP-1 in various organs. We observed a significant deviation in segregation of offspring only in male mice (P < 0.01) predominantly caused by PAI-1 deficiency. In addition, the body weight in 3- and 20-wk-old male and 20-wk-old female mice was significantly different between genotypes (P <or= 0.0008). Furthermore, blood leukocyte counts were significantly different between genotypes in 20-wk-old male mice (P <or= 0.0002), whereas no significant differences were observed between genotypes in 20-wk-old female mice (P >or= 0.13). Quantifying the relative expression of PAI-1 and TIMP-1 revealed upregulation of PAI-1 (P < 0.001) in male mice only. Our data highlight the complex roles of PAI-1 and TIMP-1 on physiological parameters such as segregation of offspring (embryonic development and survival), body weight (metabolism), blood leukocyte counts (immunity), and gene expression (regulatory redundancy). We conclude that PAI-1 and TIMP-1 seem to possess gender-dependent regulatory properties on various housekeeping physiological parameters and stress the potential implications in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Harslund
- 1Section of Biomedicine, Dept. of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ. of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Sun ZG, Shi HJ, Gu Z, Wang J, Shen QX. A single intrauterine injection of the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride reversibly inhibits embryo implantation in mice. Contraception 2007; 76:250-5. [PMID: 17707725 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) on embryo implantation in mice with a view to identifying whether it might be a suitable agent for postcoital contraception. STUDY DESIGN The anti-implantation efficacy of AEBSF was determined by counting the number of visible implanted embryos on Day 8 of pregnancy following a single intrauterine injection of AEBSF at doses of 30, 300 and 3000 microg per mouse uterine horn on Day 3 of pregnancy. The reversibility of the inhibitory effect of AEBSF on implantation was further evaluated by observing the outcome of a subsequent pregnancy without AEBSF treatment. RESULTS A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of AEBSF on embryo implantation in vivo was observed. Morphological analysis revealed no significant cytotoxicity of AEBSF on the mouse uterine epithelia. Furthermore, the anti-implantation effect of AEBSF was reversible. CONCLUSION Intrauterine administration of AEBSF at an appropriate dose might provide a basis for the development of novel contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-gui Sun
- National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai 200032, China
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