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Shankie-Williams K, Lindsay L, Murphy CR, Dowland SN. Zinc as a non-hormonal contraceptive: an alternative to the copper intrauterine device (IUD). Reproduction 2022; 164:135-142. [PMID: 35929835 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting and reversible contraceptives (LARC) are the most widely used form of female contraception worldwide, however they have significant side-effects that often result in early removal. Most LARCs are hormonal, but the use of exogenous hormones is not suitable for all women and causes side-effects in many others. The copper IUD (CuIUD) is the only non-hormonal LARC, but a large proportion of users suffer severe side effects. This study proposes the use of zinc as a suitable alternative to the CuIUD. A rat intrauterine device (IUD) model was established to test the efficacy of a zinc IUD (ZnIUD) against a CuIUD. The IUD was surgically implanted into one uterine horn while the other remained untreated. Both the ZnIUD and CuIUD resulted in zero implantation sites which was significantly fewer compared to non-treated horns. Histological assessment revealed damage and inflammation in the endometrium of CuIUD treated horns, but only minor epithelial changes in ZnIUD treated horns. This suggests ZnIUDs may not share the side-effect profile of the CuIUD. To test the long-term efficacy of the ZnIUD, rats had a ZnIUD surgically implanted into both horns and cohoused with males for 3 months. These rats mated regularly but did not get pregnant, confirming long-term effectiveness. Reversibility of the ZnIUD was also established, as removal of the ZnIUD after 3 months resulted in no significant difference in the number of implantation sites between treated and untreated horns. This study demonstrated the contraceptive efficacy of zinc and its potential as a LARC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Lindsay
- L Lindsay, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher R Murphy
- C Murphy, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samson N Dowland
- S Dowland, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Electrochemical Analysis of the Influence of Purines on Copper, Steel and Some Other Metals Corrosion. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Metals stability and corrosion resistance are very important factors that influence the possibility of their applications. In order to study and foresee the behavior of metals during various applications in all kinds of conditions and media, numerous approaches and techniques are developed and applied. Among those techniques, electrochemical measurements nowadays have a dominant role since they are proved to be highly efficient, reliable, fast, relatively low-cost, and easy regarding the preparation and execution of measurements. Besides that, they also provide quite a good amount of data regarding the effect and the mechanism of the reactions that metals interact in. Metals corrosion is reduced by various methods, one of the most frequently used ones is the application of corrosion inhibitors. Usually, organic compounds are studied as potential corrosion inhibitors, and at the moment the focus is on the effect on the environment. Hence, environmentally friendly and non-toxic inhibitors are important research topics. Purines, since they are the group of bioorganic compounds found in numerous biochemical structures such as DNA and RNA, present a very interesting possible solution and are studied as inhibitors of corrosion for copper, steel, aluminum, etc., as well as for some metal alloys. Data obtained and available up until the present are presented and discussed in this review.
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Wang K, Bao G, Fan Q, Zhu L, Yang L, Liu T, Zhang Z, Li G, Chen X, Xu X, Xu X, He B, Zheng Y. Feasibility evaluation of a Cu-38 Zn alloy for intrauterine devices: In vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:561-575. [PMID: 34774783 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The existing adverse effects of copper in copper-containing intrauterine devices (Cu-IUDs) have raised concerns regarding their use. These adverse effects include burst release of cupric ions (Cu2+) at the initial stage and an increasingly rough surface of the Cu-IUDs. In this study, we investigated the use of two copper alloys, Cu-38 Zn and H62 as the new upgrading or alternative material for IUDs. Their corrosive properties were studied in simulated uterine fluid (SUF) by using electrochemical methods, with pure Cu as a control. We studied the in vitro long-term corrosion behaviors in SUF, cytotoxicity to uterine cells (human endometrial epithelial cells and human endometrial stromal cells), in vivo biocompatibility and contraceptive efficacy of pure Cu, H62, and Cu-38 Zn. In the first month, the burst release rate of Cu2+ in the Cu-38 Zn group was significantly lower than those in the pure Cu and H62 groups. The in vitro cytocompatibility Cu-38 Zn was better than that of pure Cu and H62. Moreover, Cu-38 Zn showed improved tissue biocompatibility in vivo experiments. Therefore, the contraceptive efficacy of the Cu-38 Zn is still maintained as high as the pure Cu while the adverse effects are significantly eased, suggesting that Cu-38 Zn can be a suitable potential candidate material for IUDs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The existing adverse effects associated with the intrinsic properties of copper materials for copper-containing intrauterine devices (Cu-IUD) are of concern in their employment. Such as, burst release of cupric ions (Cu2+) at the initial stage and an increasingly rough surface of the Cu-IUD. In this work, Cu alloyed with a high amount of bioactive Zn was used for a Cu-IUD. The Cu-38 Zn alloy exhibited reduced burst release of Cu2+ within the first month compared with the pure Cu and H62. Furthermore, the Cu-38 Zn alloy displayed significantly improved biocompatibility and a much smoother surface. Therefore, high antifertility efficacy of the Cu-38 Zn alloy was well maintained, while the adverse effects are significantly eased, suggesting that the Cu-38 Zn alloy is promising for a Cu-IUD.
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Fan Q, Bao G, Ge D, Wang K, Sun M, Liu T, Liu J, Zhang Z, Xu X, Xu X, He B, Rao J, Zheng Y. Effective easing of the side effects of copper intrauterine devices using ultra-fine-grained Cu-0.4Mg alloy. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:523-539. [PMID: 33905947 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Copper intrauterine device is one of the most adopted contraceptive methods with high effectiveness (over 99 %), low cost, spontaneous reversibility and long-lasting usage. However, the side effects induced from the initial burst release of copper ions (Cu2+) hinder the continuation of the Cu-IUD made of Coarse-Grained Copper (CG Cu). We proposed to tailor the bio-corrosion behaviors of better control of Cu2+ release via the addition of bioactive Mg into the Ultra-Fine Grained (UFG) Bulk Cu. Thus, UFG bulk Cu with 0.4 wt.% Mg was produced via equal-channel angular pressing. The microstructures of the UFG Cu-0.4Mg was observed using electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The in vitro long-term corrosion behaviors in simulated uterine fluid, cytotoxicity to four cell lines, in vivo biocompatibility and contraceptive efficacy were all studied on CG Cu, UFG Cu and UFG Cu-0.4Mg materials. The results demonstrate that both the ultrafine grains and the addition of bioactive Mg into Cu contribute to the suppression of the burst release of Cu2+ in the initial stage and the maintenance of high level Cu2+ in long-term release. Moreover, the UFG Cu-0.4Mg also exhibited much improved cell and tissue biocompatibility from both the in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Therefore, the contraceptive efficacy of UFG Cu-0.4Mg is still maintained as high as the CG Cu and UFG Cu while the side effects are significantly eased, suggesting the high potential of the UFG Cu-0.4Mg alloy as a new upgrading or alternative material for Cu-IUD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The side effects from burst release of Cu2+ at the initial implantation stage of Cu-containing intrauterine devices (Cu-IUD) is one of the main drawbacks of these devices. In this work, an ultra-fine-grained Cu (UFG Cu) alloyed with a low amount of bioactive Mg was used for a Cu-IUD. The UFG Cu-0.4Mg alloy exhibited suppressed burst release of Cu2+ at initial implantation, while active Cu2+ release for long-term usage was maintained, comparable to coarse-grained pure Cu. Furthermore, the UFG Cu-0.4Mg alloy displayed significantly improved biocompatibility with human uterus cells and a much decreased inflammatory response within the uterus. Therefore, the side effects from Cu-IUD were eased, while high antifertility efficacy of the UFG Cu-0.4Mg alloy was maintained. The UFG Cu-0.4Mg alloy is promising for Cu-IUD.
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Fateh A, Aliofkhazraei M, Rezvanian A. Review of corrosive environments for copper and its corrosion inhibitors. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Impact of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) based hydrogel on rat fallopian tube as contraceptive implant with selective antimicrobial property. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 94:94-107. [PMID: 30423783 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of non-hormonal female contraception is a need to combat against increasing population growth. The presently available short term or long term female contraceptives and sterilization methods have their own restrictions and side effects. With this objective, herein, we describe an innovative insight about the use of hydrogel formulation consisting of Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA) dissolved in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as non-hormonal fallopian tube contraceptive implant. Firstly, in vitro behavior of SMA hydrogel was evaluated by in vitro swelling and rheological properties to comprehend the polymeric hydrogel property post implantation inside the fallopian tube. Simulated Uterine Fluid (SUF) was used to simulate female reproductive tract environment in this study. Mechanical strength of the hydrogel when subjected to dynamic environment post implantation in the fallopian tube was estimated by the G' values demonstrated. SMA hydrogel expressed selective antimicrobial activity against opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) while having limited consequence over the growth of Lactobacillus spp. After confirmation of cytocompatibility against primary rat endometrial cell lines, the polymeric hydrogel was implanted inside the uterine horns of Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo biocompatibility of the hydrogel was confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of uterine tissue sections. Hematology, blood biochemistry and organ toxicity (kidney, liver, spleen, lungs and heart) also revealed biocompatibility of SMA hydrogel. The results of the current study indicated that the SMA copolymer dissolved in DMSO to form hydrogel has excellent biocompatibility for application as female contraceptive gel which can be implanted in the fallopian tube.
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Bertuola M, Grillo C, Pissinis D, Prieto E, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele M. Is the biocompatibility of copper with polymerized natural coating dependent on the potential selected for the electropolymerization process? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:673-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xiao J, Chen S, Yi J, Zhang H, Ameer GA. A Cooperative Copper Metal-Organic Framework-Hydrogel System Improves Wound Healing in Diabetes. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2017; 27:1604872. [PMID: 28729818 PMCID: PMC5513192 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201604872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds remain a major clinical challenge that would benefit from the development of advanced, regenerative dressings that promote wound closure within a clinically relevant time frame. The use of copper ions has shown promise in wound healing applications possibly by promoting angiogenesis. However, reported treatments that use copper ions require multiple applications of copper salts or oxides to the wound bed, exposing the patient to potentially toxic levels of copper ions and resulting in variable outcomes. Herein we set out to assess whether copper metal organic framework nanoparticles (HKUST-1 NPs) embedded within an antioxidant thermoresponsive citrate-based hydrogel would decrease copper ion toxicity and accelerate wound healing in diabetic mice. HKUST-1 and poly-(polyethyleneglycol citrate-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) (PPCN) were synthesized and characterized. HKUST-1 NP stability in a protein solution with and without embedding them in PPCN hydrogel was determined. Copper ion release, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and in vitro migration processes were measured. Wound closure rates and wound blood perfusion were assessed in vivo using the splinted excisional dermal wound diabetic mouse model. HKUST-1 NP disintegrated in protein solution while HKUST-1 NPs embedded in PPCN (H-HKUST-1) were protected from degradation and copper ions were slowly released. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis due to copper ion release were significantly reduced while dermal cell migration in vitro and wound closure rates in vivo were significantly enhanced. In vivo, H-HKUST-1 induced angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization during wound healing in diabetic mice. These results suggest that a cooperatively stabilized, copper ion-releasing H-HKUST-1 hydrogel is a promising innovative dressing for the treatment of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Xiao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Guillermo A. Ameer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
- Corresponding Author:
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SR-XRD in situ monitoring of copper-IUD corrosion in simulated uterine fluid using a portable spectroelectrochemical cell. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 110:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Effective inhibition of the early copper ion burst release by purine adsorption in simulated uterine fluids. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Ramakrishnan R, B B, Aprem AS. Controlled release of copper from an intrauterine device using a biodegradable polymer. Contraception 2015; 92:585-8. [PMID: 26363430 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse effects of copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) such as abnormal bleeding, pain and cramps may be due in part to the burst release of copper ions during the first few months of usage. This study focuses on controlling the initial burst release of copper ions. STUDY DESIGN This study evaluated in vitro release rates of copper for a period of 1 year from standard CuT380 IUDs (n=6) and from CuT380 IUDs coated with poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) films (n=6). This study characterized the coated device for its morphological changes during degradation of film by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS CuT380 IUDs coated with PLGA film with a thickness of 0.10±0.02 mm showed a reduced initial copper release (40-80 mcg/day) compared with uncoated CuT380 IUDs (150-200 mcg/day). Statistically significant (p<.05) results were obtained at different time intervals during the overall study period of 1 year. SEM images showed degradation of coating. CONCLUSION Coating a CuT380 IUD with biodegradable polymer reduced the initial copper release without affecting release at 1 year. Clinical trials are required to determine whether this could reduce side effects such as bleeding and pain associated with copper containing IUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bharaniraja B
- HLL Lifecare Ltd, Corporate R&D Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695017
| | - Abi Santhosh Aprem
- HLL Lifecare Ltd, Corporate R&D Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695017.
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In vitro release of cupric ion from intrauterine devices: influence of frame, shape, copper surface area and indomethacin. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Extended use of the intrauterine device: a literature review and recommendations for clinical practice. Contraception 2014; 89:495-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xu XX, Ding MH, Zhang JX, Zheng W, Li L, Zheng YF. A novel copper/polydimethiylsiloxane nanocomposite for copper-containing intrauterine contraceptive devices. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1428-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. X. Xu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University; Harbin 150001 China
| | - M. H. Ding
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University; Harbin 150001 China
| | - J. X. Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University; Harbin 150001 China
| | - W. Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University; Harbin 150001 China
| | - L. Li
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Y. F. Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University; Harbin 150001 China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; College of Engineering, Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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