1
|
Pazol K, Zapata LB, Dehlendorf C, Malcolm NM, Rosmarin RB, Frederiksen BN. Impact of Contraceptive Education on Knowledge and Decision Making: An Updated Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:703-715. [PMID: 30342633 PMCID: PMC10521032 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Educational interventions can help individuals increase their knowledge of available contraceptive methods, enabling them to make informed decisions and use contraception correctly. This review updates a previous review of contraceptive education. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Multiple databases were searched for articles published March 2011-November 2016. Primary outcomes were knowledge, participation in and satisfaction/comfort with decision making, attitudes toward contraception, and selection of more effective methods. Secondary outcomes included contraceptive behaviors and pregnancy. Excluded articles described interventions that had no comparison group, could not be conducted feasibly in a clinic setting, or were conducted outside the U.S. or similar country. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 24,953 articles were identified. Combined with the original review, 37 articles met inclusion criteria and described 31 studies implementing a range of educational approaches (interactive tools, written materials, audio/videotapes, and text messages), with and without healthcare provider feedback, for a total of 36 independent interventions. Of the 31 interventions for which knowledge was assessed, 28 had a positive effect. Fewer were assessed for their effect on attitudes toward contraception, selection of more effective methods, contraceptive behaviors, or pregnancy-although increased knowledge was found to mediate additional outcomes (positive attitudes toward contraception and contraceptive continuation). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review is consistent with evidence from the broader healthcare field in suggesting that a range of interventions can increase knowledge. Future studies should assess what aspects are most effective, the benefits of including provider feedback, and the extent to which educational interventions can facilitate behavior change and attainment of reproductive health goals. THEME INFORMATION This article is part of a theme issue entitled Updating the Systematic Reviews Used to Develop the U.S. Recommendations for Providing Quality Family Planning Services, which is sponsored by the Office of Population Affairs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Pazol
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Lauren B Zapata
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christine Dehlendorf
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, SanFrancisco, California
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biggs MA, Kimport K, Mays A, Kaller S, Berglas NF. Young Women's Perspectives About the Contraceptive Counseling Received During Their Emergency Contraception Visit. Womens Health Issues 2018; 29:170-175. [PMID: 30890252 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research aimed at understanding women's experiences accessing emergency contraception (EC) services and the extent to which providers support women's autonomous contraceptive decision making is limited. This study explores young women's experiences with contraceptive counseling when accessing EC at family planning specialty clinics that serve young adult and adolescent patients. METHODS We conducted 22 in-depth telephone interviews with women ages 15-25 years who had recently accessed EC at two San Francisco Bay Area youth-serving clinics about their thoughts and experiences using and accessing contraception. We analyzed transcripts thematically, using inductive qualitative analytic methods to identify patterns across the interviews. RESULTS Most respondents described their recent clinic visit to access EC positively. Specifically, they expressed appreciation about receiving comprehensive information about other methods of contraception without pressure, judgment, or the expectation that they adopt a particular method. They also pointed to the influence of prior health care experiences in which they felt pressured or judged, leading them to avoid accessing future reproductive health services. CONCLUSIONS We found that young women seeking EC appreciated learning about other contraceptive methods, but do not want to feel pressured to adopt a method in addition to EC. Findings highlight the importance of respecting young women's contraceptive decisions for building and maintaining provider trust and suggest that contraceptive counseling approaches that prioritize specific methods may reduce some young women's trust in providers and use of reproductive health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Antonia Biggs
- Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California.
| | - Katrina Kimport
- Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| | - Aisha Mays
- Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| | - Shelly Kaller
- Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| | - Nancy F Berglas
- Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emergency contraception provides a critical and time-sensitive opportunity for women to prevent undesired pregnancy after intercourse. Both access and available options for emergency contraception have changed over the last several years. RECENT FINDINGS Emergency contraceptive pills can be less effective in obese women. The maximum achieved serum concentration of levonorgestrel (LNG) is lower in obese women than women of normal BMI, and doubling the dose of LNG (3 mg) increases its concentration maximum, approximating the level in normal BMI women receiving one dose of LNG. Repeated use of both LNG and ulipristal acetate (UPA) is well tolerated. Hormonal contraception can be immediately started following LNG use, but should be delayed for 5 days after UPA use to avoid dampening the efficacy of UPA. The copper intrauterine device (IUD) is the only IUD approved for emergency contraception (and the most effective method of emergency contraception), but use of LNG IUD as emergency contraception is currently being investigated. Accurate knowledge about emergency contraception remains low both for patients and healthcare providers. SUMMARY Emergency contraception is an important yet underutilized tool available to women to prevent pregnancy. Current options including copper IUD and emergency contraceptive pills are safe and well tolerated. Significant gaps in knowledge of emergency contraception on both the provider and user level exist, as do barriers to expedient access of emergency contraception.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wong K, Hum S, McCarthy L, Dunn S. Beyond Plan B: A Qualitative Study of Canadian Pharmacists' Emergency Contraception Counselling Practices. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2017; 39:1021-1027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
5
|
Edwards C, Panjwani D, Pendrith C, Ly A, Dunn S. Knowledge of and Interest in the Copper Intrauterine Device Among Women Seeking Emergency Contraception. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2017; 40:41-47. [PMID: 28780215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emergency contraception (EC) includes hormonal pills (levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate) and the copper IUD (Cu-IUD). The Cu-IUD is more effective for EC than hormonal pills but remains underused, possibly because of lack of knowledge or interest. The objective of this study was to examine knowledge of and interest in the Cu-IUD for EC among Canadian women seeking EC. METHODS The study used a cross-sectional convenience survey of English-speaking women presenting for EC at two sexual health clinics in Toronto. The anonymous paper-based survey was completed in the waiting room. The main outcome measures were women's knowledge of and interest in the Cu-IUD for EC. Demographic and reproductive health data were also collected. RESULTS Between January and December 2013, 124 surveys were completed. Mean age of respondents was 26 years (SD ± 6.9). Most were single (85%), and over one half had completed postsecondary education. Overall, 77% had heard of the Cu-IUD, but only 21% were aware of its use for EC. Over 50% were aware that the Cu-IUD is hormone-free and may be used for long-term contraception. Women were less familiar with the window of administration of the Cu-IUD for EC (26%) and its efficacy (6%). In total, 23% (28 of 124) of women were interested in the Cu-IUD, including eight women scheduled to receive one that day. CONCLUSION Women presenting for EC were unaware of the Cu-IUD but were moderately interested in it once informed. Public education and routine counselling about the Cu-IUD at EC visits may increase the uptake of this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilzayn Panjwani
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Ciara Pendrith
- Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Anna Ly
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Sheila Dunn
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jatlaoui TC, Simmons KB, Curtis KM. The safety of intrauterine contraception initiation among women with current asymptomatic cervical infections or at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. Contraception 2016; 94:701-712. [PMID: 27263041 PMCID: PMC6540084 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among women with current asymptomatic undiagnosed cervical infection or who are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), comparing those who have a copper-bearing (Cu-) or levonorgestrel (LNG-) intrauterine device (IUD) placed with women who do not. STUDY DESIGN We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library for articles from January 1984 through January 2016 addressing our objective. We assessed study quality using the United States Preventive Services Task Force evidence grading system. RESULTS Our search strategy yielded 2220 articles, of which 10 met inclusion criteria. Two studies provided direct evidence of PID rates in women with undiagnosed gonococcal or chlamydial (GC/CT) infection or at high risk for STIs initiating IUDs versus other contraceptive methods (level II-2, fair to poor), and neither study found a difference. Eight studies provided indirect evidence (II-2 to II-3, fair to poor). One study found no difference in PID rates between initiators of Cu- versus LNG-IUDs. Five studies compared algorithms based on patient factors with laboratory GC/CT screening to predict cervical infection. Based on likelihood ratios, none of these algorithms adequately identified women at high risk of asymptomatic cervical infection who should not undergo IUD placement. Two studies compared IUD placement on the same day as STI screening with delayed placement after screening and found no difference in PID rates. CONCLUSION Limited evidence suggests that IUD placement does not increase the risk of PID compared with no IUD placement among women with asymptomatic undiagnosed cervical infection or at high risk of STIs. Algorithms based on patient characteristics to identify women with asymptomatic GC/CT may be overly restrictive, leading to missed opportunities for IUD initiation. Historical concerns about higher PID risk among women at risk for STIs who use IUDs may not be relevant with modern devices and STI screening and treatment practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Jatlaoui
- Division of Reproductive Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Katharine B Simmons
- Division of Reproductive Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathryn M Curtis
- Division of Reproductive Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
EC4U: results from a pilot project integrating the copper IUC into emergency contraceptive care. Contraception 2016; 94:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
Lee J, Papic M, Baldauf E, Updike G, Schwarz EB. A checklist approach to caring for women seeking pregnancy testing: effects on contraceptive knowledge and use. Contraception 2015; 91:143-9. [PMID: 25492313 PMCID: PMC4303533 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess how a checklist reminding clinicians to deliver a bundled intervention affects contraceptive knowledge and use 3 months after women seek walk-in pregnancy testing. METHODS Pre-intervention, an inner-city family planning clinic provided unstructured care; during the intervention period, clinic staff used a checklist to ensure women received needed services. Women seeking walk-in pregnancy testing who wished to avoid pregnancy for at least 6 months were asked to complete surveys about their contraceptive knowledge and use immediately after and 3-months after visiting the study clinic. To assess the significance of changes over time, we used logistic regression models. RESULTS Between January 2011 and May 2013, over 1500 women sought pregnancy testing from the study clinic; 323 completed surveys (95 pre-intervention and 228 during the intervention period). With this checklist intervention, participants were more likely to receive emergency contraception (EC) (22% vs. 5%, [aOR 4.66 (1.76-12.35)], [corrected] have an intrauterine device or implant placed at the time of their clinic visit (5% vs. 0%, p=0.02), or receive a contraceptive prescription (23% vs. 10%, p<0.001). Three months after visiting the study clinic, participants from the intervention period were more knowledgeable about intrauterine and subdermal contraception and were more likely to report at 3-month follow-up a method of contraception more effective than the method they used prior to seeking pregnancy testing from the study clinic (aOR=2.02, 95% CI=1.03-3.96). The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS Women seeking walk-in pregnancy testing appear more likely to receive EC and to have switched to a more effective form of birth control in the 3 months following their visit when clinic staff used a 3-item checklist and provided scripted counseling. IMPLICATIONS A checklist reminding clinic staff to assess pregnancy intentions, provide scripted counseling about both emergency and highly-effective reversible contraception, and offer same-day contraceptive initiation to women seeking walk-in pregnancy testing appears to increase use of more effective contraception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lee
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
| | | | - Erin Baldauf
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine
| | - Glenn Updike
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
| | - E Bimla Schwarz
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thompson K, Belden P. Counseling for emergency contraception: time for a tiered approach. Contraception 2014; 90:559-61. [PMID: 25444255 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Thompson
- Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 335, Box 0744, San Francisco, CA 94143.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Papic M, Wang N, Parisi SM, Baldauf E, Updike G, Schwarz EB. Same-day intrauterine device placement is rarely complicated by pelvic infection. Womens Health Issues 2014; 25:22-7. [PMID: 25445666 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare rates of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among women who did and did not receive an intrauterine device (IUD) the day they sought emergency contraception (EC) or pregnancy testing. METHODS Women, 15 to 45 years of age, who sought EC or pregnancy testing from an urban family planning clinic completed surveys at the time of their clinic visit (August 22, 2011, to May 30, 2013) and 3 months after their clinic visit. The surveys assessed contraceptive use and symptoms, testing, and treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and PID. We reviewed the medical records of participants who reported IUD placement within 3 months of enrollment and abstracted de-identified electronic medical record (EMR) data on all women who sought EC or pregnancy testing from the study clinic during the study period. FINDINGS During the study period, 1,060 women visited the study clinic; 272 completed both enrollment and follow-up surveys. Among survey completers with same-day IUD placement, PID in the 3 months after enrollment was not more common (1/28 [3.6%]; 95% CI, 0%-10.4%) than among women who did not have a same-day IUD placed (11/225 [4.9%]; 95% CI, 2.7%-8.6%; p = .71). Chart review and EMR data similarly showed that rates of PID within 3 months of seeking EC or pregnancy testing were low whether women opted for same-day or delayed IUD placement. CONCLUSIONS Same-day IUD placement was not associated with higher rates of PID. Concern for asymptomatic STI should not delay IUD placement, and efforts to increase the uptake of this highly effective reversible contraception should not be limited to populations at low risk of STI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Papic
- Department of Medicine, Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara M Parisi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin Baldauf
- Department of Medicine, Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Glenn Updike
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|