1
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Guez JS, Lacroix PY, Château T, Vial C. Deep in situ microscopy for real-time analysis of mammalian cell populations in bioreactors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22045. [PMID: 38086908 PMCID: PMC10716407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An in situ microscope based on pulsed transmitted light illumination via optical fiber was combined to artificial-intelligence to enable for the first time an online cell classification according to well-known cellular morphological features. A 848 192-image database generated during a lab-scale production process of antibodies was processed using a convolutional neural network approach chosen for its accurate real-time object detection capabilities. In order to induce different cell death routes, hybridomas were grown in normal or suboptimal conditions in a stirred tank reactor, in the presence of substrate limitation, medium addition, pH regulation problem or oxygen depletion. Using such an optical system made it possible to monitor real-time the evolution of different classes of animal cells, among which viable, necrotic and apoptotic cells. A class of viable cells displaying bulges in feast or famine conditions was also revealed. Considered as a breakthrough in the catalogue of process analytical tools, in situ microscopy powered by artificial-intelligence is also of great interest for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Guez
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63 000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Lacroix
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63 000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Logiroad.AI, 63 178, Aubière, France
| | - Thierry Château
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63 000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Logiroad.AI, 63 178, Aubière, France
| | - Christophe Vial
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63 000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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2
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Lu JT, Xiao MK, Feng YY, Wang XY, Qiu LL, Chai YR, Wang TY, Jia YL. Apilimod enhances specific productivity in recombinant CHO cells through cell cycle arrest and mediation of autophagy. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200147. [PMID: 36478399 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are expected to acquire the ability to produce higher recombinant therapeutic protein levels using various strategies. Genetic engineering targeting the cell cycle and autophagy pathways in the regulation of cell death in CHO cell cultures has received attention for enhancing the production of therapeutic proteins. In this study, we examined the small-molecule compound apilimod, which was found to have a positive influence on recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. This was confirmed by selective blocking of the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Apilimod treatment resulted in decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (CDK3) and Cyclin C and increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase suppressor p27Kip1, which are critical regulators of G1 cell cycle progression and important targets controlling cell proliferation. Furthermore, total transcription factor EB (TFEB) was lower in apilimod-treated CHO cells than in control cells, resulting in decreased lysosome biogenesis and autophagy with apilimod treatment. These multiple effects demonstrate the potential of apilimod for development as a novel enhancer for the production of recombinant proteins in CHO cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Meng-Ke Xiao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Le-Le Qiu
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Rong Chai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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3
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Botcazon C, Bergia T, Lecouturier D, Dupuis C, Rochex A, Acket S, Nicot P, Leclère V, Sarazin C, Rippa S. Rhamnolipids and fengycins, very promising amphiphilic antifungal compounds from bacteria secretomes, act on Sclerotiniaceae fungi through different mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977633. [PMID: 36246282 PMCID: PMC9557291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) and fengycins (FGs) are amphiphilic lipid compounds from bacteria secretomes proposed to replace synthetic pesticides for crop protection. They both display plant defense triggering properties and direct antimicrobial activities. In particular, they have well reported antifungal effects against phytopathogenic fungi. RLs and FGs are considered to act through a direct interaction with membrane lipids and a destabilization of microorganism plasma membrane, thereby limiting the risk of resistance emergence. The main objective of this work was to gain insights in the antimycelial mode of action of these metabolites to promote them as environment and human health friendly biocontrol solutions. Their biocidal effects were studied on two Sclerotiniaceae fungi responsible for diseases in numerous plant species worldwide. We show here that different strains of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum have opposite sensitivities to RLs and FGs on plate experiments. Overall, B. cinerea is more sensitive to FGs while S. sclerotiorum is more sensitive to RLs. Electron microscopy observations demonstrated that RLs induce mycelial destructuring by asperities emergence and hyphal fusions whereas FGs promote swelling and formation of vesicle-like structures due to vacuole fusions and autophagy. Permeability studies, phosphatidylserine externalization and reactive oxygen species production assessments showed a programmed cell death triggering by RLs at medium concentrations (until 50 μg mL−1) and necrosis characteristics at higher concentration. Programmed cell death was always observed on hyphae treated with FGs. Quantifications of mycelial ergosterol content indicated that a higher ergosterol rate in S. sclerotiorum correlates with increasing sensitivity to RLs. Oppositely, a lower ergosterol rate in B. cinerea correlates with increasing sensitivity to FGs, which was confirmed by ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition with tebuconazole. This gain of knowledge will help to better understand the mode of action of RLs and FGs to fight specific plant fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Botcazon
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Thomas Bergia
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Didier Lecouturier
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Chloé Dupuis
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Alice Rochex
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Acket
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Philippe Nicot
- Centre de Recherche PACA, Domaine Saint Maurice, Unité de Pathologie Végétale, INRAe, Avignon, France
| | - Valérie Leclère
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Sarazin
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sonia Rippa
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
- *Correspondence: Sonia Rippa,
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4
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Schulze M, Kumar Y, Rattay M, Niemann J, Wijffels RH, Martens D. Transcriptomic analysis reveals mode of action of butyric acid supplementation in an intensified CHO cell fed‐batch process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2359-2373. [PMID: 35641884 PMCID: PMC9545226 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Process intensification is increasingly used in the mammalian biomanufacturing industry. The key driver of this trend is the need for more efficient and flexible production strategies to cope with the increased demand for biotherapeutics predicted in the next years. Therefore, such intensified production strategies should be designed, established, and characterized. We established a CHO cell process consisting of an intensified fed‐batch (iFB), which is inoculated by an N‐1 perfusion process that reaches high cell concentrations (100 × 106 c ml−1). We investigated the impact of butyric acid (BA) supplementation in this iFB process. Most prominently, higher cellular productivities of more than 33% were achieved, thus 3.5 g L−1 of immunoglobulin G (IgG) was produced in 6.5 days. Impacts on critical product quality attributes were small. To understand the biological mechanisms of BA in the iFB process, we performed a detailed transcriptomic analysis. Affected gene sets reflected concurrent inhibition of cell proliferation and impact on histone modification. These translate into subsequently enhanced mechanisms of protein biosynthesis: enriched regulation of transcription, messenger RNA processing and transport, ribosomal translation, and cellular trafficking of IgG intermediates. Furthermore, we identified mutual tackling points for optimization by gene engineering. The presented strategy can contribute to meet future requirements in the continuously demanding field of biotherapeutics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schulze
- Product Development Cell Culture Technologies, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbHAugust‐Spindler‐Str. 1137079GöttingenGermany
- Bioprocess EngineeringWageningen UniversityPO Box 166700 AAWageningenNetherlands
| | - Yadhu Kumar
- Eurofins Genomics Europe Sequencing GmbHJakob‐Stadler‐Platz 7D‐78467KonstanzGermany
| | - Merle Rattay
- Corporate Research Advanced Cell Biology, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbHMarie‐Goeppert‐Mayer‐Str. 989081Ulm
| | - Julia Niemann
- Corporate Research BioProcessing Upstream, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbHAugust‐Spindler‐Str. 1137079GöttingenGermany
| | - Rene H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess EngineeringWageningen UniversityPO Box 166700 AAWageningenNetherlands
- Biosciences and AquacultureNord UniversityN‐8049BodøNorway
| | - Dirk Martens
- Bioprocess EngineeringWageningen UniversityPO Box 166700 AAWageningenNetherlands
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5
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Abdullah ML, Al-Shabanah O, Hassan ZK, Hafez MM. Eugenol-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a Pathway Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179243. [PMID: 34502165 PMCID: PMC8430664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural compounds is promising in approaches to prevent and treat cancer. The long-term application of most currently employed chemotherapy techniques has toxic side effects. Eugenol, a phenolic phytochemical extracted from certain essential oils, has an anti-cancer effect. The modulation of autophagy can promote either the survival or apoptosis of cancer cells. Triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) and HER2 positive (SK-BR-3) breast cancer cell lines were treated with different doses of eugenol. Apoptosis was detected by a flow-cytometry technique, while autophagy was detected by acridine orange. Real-time PCR and Western blot assays were applied to investigate the effect of eugenol on the gene and protein expression levels of autophagy and apoptotic genes. Treating cells with different concentrations of eugenol significantly inhibited cell proliferation. The protein levels of AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT), forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a), cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p27), and Caspase-3 and -9 increased significantly in Eugenol-treated cells. Eugenol also induced autophagy by upregulating the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and downregulating the expression of nucleoporin 62 (NU p62). Eugenol is a promising natural anti-cancer agent against triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer. It appears to work by targeting the caspase pathway and by inducing autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashan L. Abdullah
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, MNGHA, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.A.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Othman Al-Shabanah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zeinab K. Hassan
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Hafez
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.L.A.); (M.M.H.)
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6
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Braasch K, Kryworuchko M, Piret JM. Autophagy-inducing peptide increases CHO cell monoclonal antibody production in batch and fed-batch cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1876-1883. [PMID: 33543765 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of generic biopharmaceuticals is increasing the pressures for enhanced bioprocess productivity and yields. Autophagy ("self-eating") is a cellular process that allows cells to mitigate stresses such as nutrient deprivation. Reputed autophagy inhibitors have also been shown to increase autophagic flux under certain conditions, and enhance recombinant protein productivity in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cultures. Since peptides are commonly added to bioprocess culture media in hydrolysates, we evaluated the impact on productivity of an autophagy-inducing peptide (AIP), derived from the cellular autophagy protein Beclin 1. This was analyzed in CHO cell batch and fed-batch serum-free cultures producing a human Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). Interestingly, the addition of 1-4 µM AIP enhanced productivity in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell-specific productivity increased up to 1.8-fold in batch cultures, while in fed-batch cultures a maximum twofold increase in IgG concentration was observed. An initial drop in cell viability also occurred before cultures recovered normal growth. Overall, these findings strongly support the value of investigating the effects of autophagy pathway modulation, and in particular, the use of this AIP medium additive to increase CHO cell biotherapeutic protein production and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Braasch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marko Kryworuchko
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Public Health, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - James M Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Patil AA, Bhor SA, Rhee WJ. Cell death in culture: Molecular mechanisms, detections, and inhibition strategies. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Tang H, Zhang X, Zhang W, Fan L, Wang H, Tan WS, Zhao L. Insight into the roles of tyrosine on rCHO cell performance in fed-batch cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6483-6494. [PMID: 31190239 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr), as one of the least soluble amino acids, is essential to monoclonal antibody (mAb) production in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell cultures since its roles on maintaining the specific productivity (qmAb) and avoiding Tyr sequence variants. To understand the effects of Tyr on cell performance and its underlying mechanisms, rCHO cell-producing mAbs were cultivated at various cumulative Tyr addition concentrations (0.6 to 5.5 mM) in fed-batch processes. Low Tyr concentrations gave a much lower peak viable cell density (VCD) during the growth phase and also induced rapid cell death and pH decrease during the production phase, resulting in a low efficient fed-batch process. Autophagy was initiated following the inhibition of mTOR under the Tyr starvation condition. Excessive autophagy subsequently induced autophagic cell death, which was found as the major type of cell death in this study. Additionally, the results obtained here demonstrate that the decrease in culture pH under the Tyr starvation condition was associated with the autophagy and such pH drop might be attributed to the lysosome acidification and cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xintao Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Li Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fuyang, Zhejiang, 311404, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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9
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Quintanilla D, Chelius C, Iambamrung S, Nelson S, Thomas D, Gernaey KV, Marten MR. A fast and simple method to estimate relative, hyphal tensile-strength of filamentous fungi used to assess the effect of autophagy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:597-605. [PMID: 29135022 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fungal hyphal strength is an important phenotype which can have a profound impact on bioprocess behavior. Until now, there is not an efficient method which allows its characterization. Currently available methods are very time consuming, thus, compromising their applicability in strain selection and process development. To overcome this issue, a method for fast and easy, statistically verified quantification of relative hyphal tensile strength was developed. It involves off-line fragmentation in a high shear mixer followed by quantification of fragment size using laser diffraction. Particle size distribution (PSD) is determined, with analysis time on the order of minutes. Plots of PSD 90th percentile versus time allow estimation of the specific fragmentation rate. This novel method is demonstrated by estimating relative hyphal strength during growth in control conditions and rapamycin-induced autophagy for Aspergillus nidulans (parental strain) and a mutant strain (ΔAnatg8) lacking an important autophagy gene. Both strains were grown in shake flasks and relative hyphal tensile strength was compared. The mutant strain grown in control conditions appears to be weaker than the parental strain, suggesting that Anatg8 may play a role in other processes involving cell wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, rapamycin-induced autophagy resulted in apparently weaker cells even for the mutant strain. These findings confirm the utility of the developed method in strain selection and process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quintanilla
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cynthia Chelius
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sirasa Iambamrung
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sidney Nelson
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Donnel Thomas
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark R Marten
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Schwamb S, Puskeiler R, Wiedemann P. Monitoring of Cell Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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11
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Nasseri SS, Ghaffari N, Braasch K, Jardon MA, Butler M, Kennard M, Gopaluni B, Piret JM. Increased CHO cell fed-batch monoclonal antibody production using the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or gradually increasing osmolality. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Ohadi K, Legge RL, Budman HM. Development of a soft-sensor based on multi-wavelength fluorescence spectroscopy and a dynamic metabolic model for monitoring mammalian cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:197-208. [PMID: 25065633 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Ohadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; 200 University Ave. West Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Raymond L. Legge
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; 200 University Ave. West Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Hector M. Budman
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; 200 University Ave. West Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
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13
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Li H, Zhang S, Lu J, Liu L, Uluko H, Pang X, Sun Y, Xue H, Zhao L, Kong F, Lv J. Antifungal activities and effect of Lactobacillus casei AST18 on the mycelia morphology and ultrastructure of Penicillium chrysogenum. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Aghamohseni H, Ohadi K, Spearman M, Krahn N, Moo-Young M, Scharer JM, Butler M, Budman HM. Effects of nutrient levels and average culture pH on the glycosylation pattern of camelid-humanized monoclonal antibody. J Biotechnol 2014; 186:98-109. [PMID: 25014402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The impact of operating conditions on the glycosylation pattern of humanized camelid monoclonal antibody, EG2-hFc produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been evaluated by a combination of experiments and modeling. Cells were cultivated under different levels of glucose and glutamine concentrations with the goal of investigating the effect of nutrient depletion levels and ammonia build up on the cell growth and the glycoprofiles of the monoclonal antibody (Mab). The effect of average pH reduction on glycosylation level during the entire culture time or during a specific time span was also investigated. The relative abundance of glycan structures was quantified by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and the galactosylation index (GI) and the sialylation index (SI) were determined. Lower initial concentrations of glutamine resulted in lower glucose consumption and lower cell yield but increased GI and SI levels when compared to cultures started with higher initial glutamine levels. Similarly, reducing the average pH of culture resulted in lower growth but higher SI and GI levels. These findings indicate that there is a tradeoff between cell growth, resulting Mab productivity and the achievement of desirable higher glycosylation levels. A dynamic model, based on a metabolic flux analysis (MFA), is proposed to describe the metabolism of nutrients, cell growth and Mab productivity. Finally, existing software (GLYCOVIS) that describes the glycosylation pathways was used to illustrate the impact of extracellular species on the glycoprofiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaveh Ohadi
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Natalie Krahn
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Murray Moo-Young
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeno M Scharer
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Mike Butler
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Hector M Budman
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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15
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The Effect of Autophagy in the Process of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Differentiation into Astrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:608-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Kim YJ, Baek E, Lee JS, Lee GM. Autophagy and its implication in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1753-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Nitsche BM, Burggraaf-van Welzen AM, Lamers G, Meyer V, Ram AFJ. Autophagy promotes survival in aging submerged cultures of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8205-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Lee JS, Ha TK, Park JH, Lee GM. Anti-cell death engineering of CHO cells: Co-overexpression of Bcl-2 for apoptosis inhibition, Beclin-1 for autophagy induction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2195-207. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Lee JS, Lee GM. Estimation of autophagy pathway genes for autophagy induction: Overexpression of Atg9A does not induce autophagy in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Lee JS, Lee GM. Rapamycin treatment inhibits CHO cell death in a serum-free suspension culture by autophagy induction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:3093-102. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Dikicioglu D, Dunn WB, Kell DB, Kirdar B, Oliver SG. Short- and long-term dynamic responses of the metabolic network and gene expression in yeast to a transient change in the nutrient environment. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1760-74. [PMID: 22491778 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05443d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative data on the dynamic changes in the transcriptome and the metabolome of yeast in response to an impulse-like perturbation in nutrient availability was integrated with the metabolic pathway information in order to elucidate the long-term dynamic re-organization of the cells. This study revealed that, in addition to the dynamic re-organization of the de novo biosynthetic pathways, salvage pathways were also re-organized in a time-dependent manner upon catabolite repression. The transcriptional and the metabolic responses observed for nitrogen catabolite repression were not as severe as those observed for carbon catabolite repression. Selective up- or down regulation of a single member of a paralogous gene pair during the response to the relaxation from nutritional limitation was identified indicating a differentiation of functions among paralogs. Our study highlighted the role of inosine accumulation and recycling in energy homeostasis and indicated possible bottlenecks in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Dikicioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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22
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Monitoring of autophagy in Chinese hamster ovary cells using flow cytometry. Methods 2011; 56:375-82. [PMID: 22142658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, autophagy, which is a degradative process, has drawn attention as an anti-cell death engineering target in addition to apoptosis in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell cultures for enhanced production of therapeutic proteins. Appropriate autophagy monitoring methods, that are suitable for long term CHO cell cultures, are necessary in order to investigate the culture conditions that affect the autophagy pathway and to select appropriate engineering targets for autophagy control. Herein, detailed protocols for autophagy monitoring methods based on flow cytometry are provided using the GFP-LC3-overexpressing CHO DG44 host cell line or MDC-like molecules in rCHO cells grown as an adherent culture with serum-containing medium or suspension culture with serum-free medium. Furthermore, combined with the apoptosis detection based on the Annexin V-PS interaction, the simultaneous detection of autophagy and apoptosis is also described. It is anticipated that the protocols described herein will assist in the fast, high throughput monitoring of autophagy that can support other existing autophagy assays.
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Bartoszewska M, Opaliński L, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. The significance of peroxisomes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1921-31. [PMID: 21660569 PMCID: PMC3173629 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles characterized by a protein-rich matrix surrounded by a single membrane. In filamentous fungi, peroxisomes are crucial for the primary metabolism of several unusual carbon sources used for growth (e.g. fatty acids), but increasing evidence is presented that emphasize the crucial role of these organelles in the formation of a variety of secondary metabolites. In filamentous fungi, peroxisomes also play a role in development and differentiation whereas specialized peroxisomes, the Woronin bodies, play a structural role in plugging septal pores. The biogenesis of peroxisomes in filamentous fungi involves the function of conserved PEX genes, as well as genes that are unique for these organisms. Peroxisomes are also subject to autophagic degradation, a process that involves ATG genes. The interplay between organelle biogenesis and degradation may serve a quality control function, thereby allowing a continuous rejuvenation of the organelle population in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bartoszewska
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Kim Y, Islam N, Moss BJ, Nandakumar MP, Marten MR. Autophagy induced by rapamycin and carbon-starvation have distinct proteome profiles in Aspergillus nidulans. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2705-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Bartoszewska M, Kiel JAKW. The role of macroautophagy in development of filamentous fungi. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2271-87. [PMID: 20712412 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a bulk degradative pathway by which cytoplasmic components are delivered to the vacuole for recycling. This process is conserved from yeast to human, where it is implicated in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. During the last decade, many ATG genes involved in autophagy have been identified, initially in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This review summarizes the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of autophagy using yeast as model system. Although many of the core components involved in autophagy are conserved from yeast to human, there are, nevertheless, significant differences between these organisms, for example, during autophagy initiation. Autophagy also plays an essential role in filamentous fungi especially during differentiation. Remarkably, in these species autophagy may reflect features of both yeast and mammals. This is exemplified by the finding that filamentous fungi lack the S. cerevisiae clade-specific Atg31 protein, but contain Atg101, which is absent in this clade. A reappraisal of genome data further suggests that, similar to yeast and mammals, filamentous fungi probably also contain two distinct phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complexes. This review also summarizes the state of knowledge on the role of autophagy in filamentous fungi during differentiation, such as pathogenic development, programmed cell death during heteroincompatibility, and spore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bartoszewska
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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26
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Analysis of an artificially selected GS-NS0 variant with increased resistance to apoptosis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:880-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Krampe B, Al-Rubeai M. Cell death in mammalian cell culture: molecular mechanisms and cell line engineering strategies. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:175-88. [PMID: 20502964 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamentally important problem in cell lines used by the biopharmaceutical industry. Environmental stress, which can result from nutrient depletion, by-product accumulation and chemical agents, activates through signalling cascades regulators that promote death. The best known key regulators of death process are the Bcl-2 family proteins which constitute a critical intracellular checkpoint of apoptosis cell death within a common death pathway. Engineering of several members of the anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family genes in several cell types has extended the knowledge of their molecular function and interaction with other proteins, and their regulation of cell death. In this review, we describe the various modes of cell death and their death pathways at molecular and organelle level and discuss the relevance of the growing knowledge of anti-apoptotic engineering strategies to inhibit cell death and increase productivity in mammalian cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Krampe
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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29
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Engineering mammalian cells in bioprocessing - current achievements and future perspectives. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:175-89. [PMID: 20392202 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, we have seen significant improvements in product titres from 50 mg/l to 5-10 g/l, a more than 100-fold increase. The main methods that have been employed to achieve this increase in product titre have been through the manipulation of culture media and process control strategies, such as the optimization of fed-batch processes. An alternative means to increase productivity has been through the engineering of host cells by altering cellular processes. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to over-express or suppress specific genes to endow particular phenotypes. Cellular processes that have been altered in host cells include metabolism, cell cycle, protein secretion and apoptosis. Cell engineering has also been employed to improve post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. In this article, an overview of the main cell engineering strategies previously employed and the impact of these strategies are presented. Many of these strategies focus on engineering cell lines with more efficient carbon metabolism towards reducing waste metabolites, achieving a biphasic production system by engineering cell cycle control, increasing protein secretion by targeting specific endoplasmic reticulum stress chaperones, delaying cell death by targeting anti-apoptosis genes, and engineering glycosylation by enhancing recombinant protein sialylation and antibody glycosylation. Future perspectives for host cell engineering, and possible areas of research, are also discussed in this review.
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